[en] We present a T = 0 K renormalization group (RG) phase diagram for the hole-doped 2D Hubbard model on the square lattice. The RG method employed is nonperturbative in treating quantum fluctuations of the single-particle occupation number via the unitarily decoupling of one electronic state at every RG step. As a result, the RG phase diagram possesses the quantum fluctuation energy scale (ω) as one of its axes. Using effective Hamiltonians and wavefunctions for the low-energy many-body eigenstates for the doped Mott liquid obtained from the stable fixed point of the RG flows, we demonstrate the collapse of the pseudogap for charge excitations (Mottness) at a quantum critical point (QCP) possessing a nodal non-Fermi liquid with superconducting fluctuations, and spin-pseudogapping near the antinodes. The QCP is characterised using both thermodynamic and quantum information-theoretic measures. d-wave superconducting order is shown to arise from this quantum critical state of matter. The pseudogap phase possesses a variety of fluctuations that lead to several symmetry-broken phases at low-energies. Benchmarking of the ground state energy per particle and the double-occupancy fraction obtained from a finite-size scaling analysis against existing numerical results yields excellent agreement. We present detailed insight into the T = 0 origin of several experimentally observed findings in the cuprates, including Homes law and Planckian dissipation. We also establish that the heirarchy of temperature scales for the pseudogap (T _PG), onset temperature for pairing (T _ons), formation of the Mott liquid (T _ML) and superconductivity (T _C) obtained from our analysis is quantitatively consistent with that observed experimentally for some members of the cuprates. Our results offer insight on the ubiquitous origin of superconductivity in doped Mott insulating states, and pave the way towards a systematic search for higher superconducting transition temperatures in such systems. (paper)