[en] After having recalled the context of struggle against climate change and the content and objectives of the Paris Agreement, and commented the evolution of different data (shares of primary energy sources, share of electricity in energy consumption, share of the different sources in electric power production, electric power production capacities, emissions by the various sectors), the authors propose an overview of the content of scenarios of energy transition, and outline the key elements of the energy transition. Then, they evoke technologies of energy production (wind, solar, other renewable sources, nuclear, solutions for electric power storage), technologies for industry (carbon capture, utilization, and storage or CCUS), and technologies for transport (road, air and maritime). In the next part, they report an empirical assessment by discussing the strategic dimension of the industrial ownership, the innovation dynamics in the different sectors of low-carbon technologies (energy and transport sectors, role and situation of various countries, focus on interactions between China, Europe and the USA in the wind energy sector, focus on the Chinese PV sector). The last part addresses national innovation systems with an international comparison, and presentations of three important innovation systems (USA, Russia and China)