[en] The purpose was to describe the processes of evacuation decision-making, identify and document uncertainties in that process and discuss implications for federal assumption of liability for precautionary evacuations at nuclear facilities under the Price-Anderson Act. Four major categories of uncertainty are identified concerning the interpretation of hazard, communication problems, perceived impacts of evacuation decisions and exogenous influences. Over 40 historical accounts are reviewed and cases of these uncertainties are documented. The major findings are that all levels of government, including federal agencies experience uncertainties in some evacuation situations. Second, private sector organizations are subject to uncertainties at a variety of decision points. Third, uncertainties documented in the historical record have provided the grounds for liability although few legal actions have ensued. Finally it is concluded that if liability for evacuations is assumed by the federal government, the concept of a ''precautionary'' evacuation is not useful in establishing criteria for that assumption. 55 refs., 1 fig., 4 tabs

[en] Many nuclear power plants continue to operate with aging analog control systems that need to be replaced. Advanced digital control systems provide the best solution. Control system reliability of the analog systems' single points of failure, replacement parts unavailability and high costs, and the increased plant staff attention required to maintain these systems. Replacing these old analog systems with distributed digital process control systems offers a means to upgrade the control architectures to state-of-the-art technology, and reduce the high operations and maintenance cost of the aging analog systems. An additional advantage of replacing the analog systems is that digital control systems allow improved plant performance through application of better control system functionality. This paper presents a summary of some instrumentation and control (I and C) upgrades that are part of an integrated I and C lifetime plan. Focus is upon a recent total control system upgrade at a plant in Western Europe. (author)