[en] In many administrative procedures the position of third parties is not yet clarified. The author discusses the Muelheim-Kaerlich decision of the Federal Constitutional Court and the importance of sec. 13, para. 2 Administrative Procedure Act. The authority is obliged to ensure in the administrative procedure the participation of citizens, whose rights can be injured by the decision. (CW)

[en] Published in summary form only

No abstract available

No abstract available

[en] With the thermally stimulated exoelectron emission (TSEE) of BeO thin film detectors the dose in the beta radiation field of a ⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y point source behind absorbers of different atomic number and thickness was determined. The absorbers consisted of either tissue-equivalent materials, aluminium, copper or gold. Their thickness ranged from 0 to 200 mg.cm^-2. The TSEE detectors and absorbers were placed on a PMMA slab phantom at perpendicular-radiation incidence. For Cu absorbers a Cu slab phantom was additionally used, for comparison. Increasing atomic number of the absorber causes stronger dose buildup behind an absorber thickness of 20-40 mg.cm^-2 which can be attributed to the differences of mass scattering power. (author)

[en] Purpose: In an attempt to reduce acute toxicity of CRT for rectal cancer we retrospectively evaluated potential factors that influence the severity of toxic side-effects. Materials and Methods: Between 1987 and 1995, 120 patients (pts, 73 with primary tumor, 47 with recurrent disease) received CRT for rectal cancer. RT was given by 3-4 field box technique with 6-10 MV-photons. Daily fraction size was 180 cGy, total dose 5040 cGy including 540 cGy local boost. Dose was specified to the ICRU reference point. During the first and fifth week of RT 5-FU (1000 mg/m²/24 h) was administered by continuous infusion for 120 hours. 56 pts received preoperative CRT, 64 pts were treated postoperatively. Toxicity was recorded following (modified) WHO-criteria. Results: Acute grade 4 toxicity was limited to 3 pts (leukopenia, sepsis, arrhythmia). Acute grade 3 toxicity occurred mainly as diarrhea (33%), perineal skin reaction (37%), and leukopenia (9%). Extension of the treatment volume including paraaortic lymph nodes (L3) led to a significant increase of grade 3 diarrhea (68% vs. 25%, p = 0,0003) and grade 3 leukopenia (18% vs. 8%, p = 0,03). After abdominoperineal resection less pts suffered from grade 3 diarrhea (8% vs. 47% after sphincter-preserving procedures, p = 0,0006), whereas severe perineal erythema occurred more frequently (56% vs. 29%, p = 0,02). Women had significantly more toxic side effects (grade 3 diarrhea: 39% vs. 16% in men, p = 0.04; grade 2 to 3 nausea/emesis: 21% vs. 8% in men, p = 0.018; grade 2 to 3 leukopenia: 53% vs. 31% in men, p = 0, 02). After preoperative CRT a significant reduction of grade 3 diarrhea (11% vs. 29%, p = 0.03) and grade 3 erythema (16% vs. 41%, p = 0.04) was noted. Conclusion: In order to reduce acute treatment related toxicity preoperative CRT deserves further evaluation. Careful attention should be paid to the extension of treatment volume to the paraaortic region. Individual adjustment of 5-FU dosage by monitoring its systemic clearance (which is lower in women) could further help to avoid toxic side effects

No abstract available

[en] Published in summary form only

[en] Realistic fragility assessment of the successful control rod insertion requires a consistently representative modeling along the entire analysis chain, i.e. the building and the primary loops, the RPV + internals, the CRDMs and the fuel. Due to the presence of highly non-linear phenomena, the linear scalability of responses and load effects - based on design-related analysis - cannot be assumed without further verification in fragility analysis (see section 'Fragility Analysis', subsection 'Scalability of responses'). Instead, the robustness is to be assessed on the basis of dynamic analysis performed with excitations representative of the robustness target. With the models discussed in this compact, additional efforts are currently underway to assess the seismic design and robustness of the EPR trademark at sites in which the seismic demands are highly increased, compared to the standard design. (orig.)

[en] Purpose: The role of conservative surgery and radiation for mammographically detected DCIS is controversial. In particular, there is a paucity of data for outcome with radiation in a group of patients comparable to those treated with local excision and surveillance (mammographically detected DCIS ≤2.5 cm, negative resection margins, negative post-biopsy mammogram). The purpose of this study is to report long term outcome of conservative surgery and radiation for mammographically detected DCIS with emphasis on the results in patients (pts.) considered candidates for excision alone. Materials and Methods: From 1983 to 1992, 110 women with mammographically detected DCIS (calcifications 72%, mass ± calcifications 27%) and no prior history of breast cancer underwent needle localization biopsy followed by radiation. The median age of the patient population was 56 yrs. (range 37-81). The median followup was 5.3 yrs. (range .5-12). Re-excision was performed in 55%. Final margins of resection were negative in 62%, positive 7%, close 11%, and unknown 20%. Axillary dissection was performed in 31 pts. and all had negative nodes. 31% had a positive family history of breast cancer (1 affected relative-25 pts., two-7 pts., three-2 pts.). The most common predominant histologic subtype was comedo (54%) followed by cribriform (22%). The median pathologic tumor size was 8 mm (range 2 mm to 5 cm). A post-biopsy mammogram prior to radiation was performed in 46% of the patients. Radiation consisted of treatment to the entire breast (median 5000 cGy) with a boost to the primary site (97%) of an additional 1000 cGy. The median total dose to the primary site was 6040 cGy (range 5000 to 6660). Results: Three patients developed a recurrence in the treated breast at 52, 106, and 107 months. All 3 recurrences were invasive ductal cancers and all were treated with mastectomy. The location of the recurrence was in the same quadrant as the primary in 1 pt. and in a separate quadrant in 2 pts. The 5 and 10 yr. actuarial rates of breast recurrence were 1% and 15% respectively. The 5 and 10 yr. overall survival were 96% and 94%. The cause-specific survival was 100% at 5 and 10 yrs. Two patients subsequently developed a contralateral invasive breast cancer. There was no significant correlation between the risk of a breast recurrence and race, the location of the primary, patient age, mammographic finding, the histologic subtype, pathologic tumor size, or a positive family history. One of 34 pts. (3%) with a positive family history (single affected relative) developed an invasive recurrence in a separate quadrant compared to (2(72)) (3%) pts. with a negative family history (one separate quadrant, one same quadrant). Patients with a positive margin had a higher risk of breast recurrence (12%) when compared to those with negative margins (1.5%). 29 pts. had negative resection margins and a negative post-biopsy mammogram (52% comedo histologic subtype). None of these patients has developed a breast recurrence. There were only 16 pts. who met all of the criteria for surveillance (path size ≤2.5 cm, negative resection margins, negative post-biopsy mammogram) and none of these has recurred (44% comedo). Considering all patients with negative margins, 1 of 68 developed an ipsilateral invasive cancer at 8.8 yrs. 6% of the patients who did not have a post-biopsy mammogram prior to radiation experienced a breast recurrence. Conclusion: Conservative surgery and radiation for mammographically detected DCIS results in a low risk of recurrence in the treated breast and a 100% cause-specific survival at 5 and 10 yrs. A positive family history of breast cancer was not associated with an increased risk of breast recurrence. In the subgroup of patients considered candidates for surveillance, there have been no breast recurrences. Negative margins of resection and a negative post-biopsy mammogram are important to decrease the risk of a breast recurrence. Long term follow-up is essential as late failures tend to predominate in patients with adequate surgical resection followed by radiation