[en] The obstacles to bringing about consumer response to environmental dangers are particularly challenging for global problems like ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. In this situation, there is the danger of what is commonly termed the tragedy of the commons, the ecological destruction that can occur from uncontrolled use of shared resources like the atmosphere. There is probably no country for which reductions in global warming provide an adequate economic incentive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions unilaterally, even though such action could yield substantial global benefits. From any one country's viewpoint, the costs of controlling emissions may exceed the benefits since, without international agreement, reductions achieved by one nation may be offset by another. Therefore, even though the entire world may be better off as a result of efforts to lower emissions, new economic incentives are necessary to lead the market to a socially efficient outcome. This paper describes the range of domestic and international policies that could be adopted to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, and also discusses the results of modeling analyses of government actions that could reduce or increase such emissions

[en] Calorimeters for use at industrial electron accelerators are simple devices, which serve several purposes. The most important are: (1) measurement of nominal (or monitoring) dose...this concept provides an absorbed dose value independent of the product, (2) establishment of traceability to national standards through comparisons with transfer dosimeters, and (3) measurement of absorbed dose for calibration of other dosimeters. The dose range of the Riso calorimeters covers 1.5-50 kGy. They are most frequently used at 10-MeV accelerators, but work is in progress to extend the range down to 1-2 MeV. The advantages of the calorimeters include: immediate readout, little influence from environmental conditions, and long lifetime. The disadvantages are: no permanent record of dosimeter response and the possibility of dose gradients over the volume of the calorimeter body. This presentation will discuss various aspects of calorimetric dosimetry for industrial electron accelerators

[en] Activities of OECD NEA are connected with IAEA-IWG LMNPP, IAEA Nuclear safety, CEC-JRC, CEC-DG XI, CEC-DG XII and utilities UNIPEDE and WANO. The Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) acts through working groups on Fuel Cycle safety; Operating Experiences and Human Factors; Coolant System Behaviour; Integrity of Components and Structures; Confinement of Accidental Radioactive Releases and Risk Assessment. Korea, Mexico, Hungary and Czech Republic are now members of OECD NEA, and the non OECD Countries like Russia, Ukraine, Slovakia, Lithuania can participate in workshops but not in regular committee meetings

[en] The expansion of BP Solar into main-stream solar cell manufacturing and the commercialisation of solar cell fabrication is described. BP aims to continue developing technology licensed from outside the company by making crystalline silicon cells more cheaply, and switching to electrolyte deposition of copper to improve throughput. The limitations and potential role of solar concentrators is also explored. (UK)

[en] This report describes two aspects of electron beam dosimetry, on one hand development of film dosimeters and measurements of their properties, and on the other hand development of calorimeters for calibration of routine dosimeters, e.g. thin films. Two types of radiochromic thin film dosimeters have been developed in this department, and the properties of these and commercially available dosimeters have been measured and found to be comparable. Calorimeters which are in use for routine measurements, are being investigated with reference to their application as standardizing instruments, and new calorimeters are being developed. (author)

[en] The properties of three commercially available polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film supplies and one made without additives were tested with respects to their application as routine dose monitors at electron accelerators. Dose fractionation was found to increase the response and the post-irradiation heat treatment was very critical for some of the films. (author)

[en] A set of guidelines has been developed to assist in the calibration of dosimeters for use in industrial radiation processing plants. Topics covered include the calibration of equipment, the performance of calibration irradiations and the derivation of mathematical functions to represent the calibration. Guidance is also given on methods for the estimation of uncertainty. (author)

[en] Radiochromic dye dose meters made of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) with hexa (hydroxyethyl) pararosaniline cyanide (HPR-CN) as the radiation-sensitive element are being developed and investigated at Risoe. This report summarizes the present results and outlines plans for further research on this dose meter. Currently the response is found to be almost stable after irradiation, but recalibration of a given batch is needed every 3-6 months because of changes in response chracteristics with age. Under typical laboratory conditions, the temperature coefficient is found to be about +1% per degree Celcius and the relative humidity coefficient +(0.4-0.5)% per percent change in relative humidity. The response drops approximately 15% when the dose rate is lowered from 1.1 Gy/sec to 0.2 Gy/sec. (author)

[en] A simple physically motivated iterative method is presented for solving elliptic equations. The method is shown to coverge 3 to 4 times as fast as the optimal SOR method when implemented on the CRAY-I computer

[en] Objects of the invention are achieved by a dual temperature isotope exchange process of the type having a first stage comprising a hot and cold tower wth liquid and gas passing in countercurrent exchange relationship therein, the gas being recycled from the top of the cold tower to the bottom of the hot tower via a humidifier section through which the effluent liquid from the bottom of the hot tower also passes, a dehumidifier between hot and cold towers through which both gas and liquid streams pass, the improvement comprising the passing of a third-phase stream acting as a heat transfer medium through the dehumidifier, hot tower, humidifier and recycling the stream from the bottom of the humidifier to the top of the dehumidifier or alternatively to the top of the cold tower via fluid condition and temperature treatment apparatus. The heat transfer fluid is preferably a liquid and must be such as not to interfere or inter-react excessively with the gas-liquid exchange process