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AbstractAbstract
[en] The Sable Offshore Energy Project is one of Canada's largest construction projects which is bringing a new industry to Nova Scotia. A five-party consortium comprised of Mobil Oil Canada, Shell Canada, Imperial Oil, Nova Scotia Resources and Mosbacher, has formed an enterprise called Sable Offshore Energy Inc. The consortium plans to bring natural gas to markets in Canada and the United States before the end of 1999. The Santa Fe Galaxy II is one of the world's most modern marine all-weather drilling rigs that will soon begin the drilling of wells. Once in production, the project will produce half a billion cubic feet of natural gas daily from three production platforms that will tap three separate undersea natural gas fields. The gas will then be transported 200 km to shore near Goldboro, Nova Scotia, through an undersea pipeline. There, it will be treated to remove any remaining water and to separate liquid natural gas from the gas proper. The natural gas liquids will then be carried by an onshore pipeline to a new facility at Point Tupper where they will be processed into propane, butane and condensate. There will be enough gas to meet the potential demand in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Large urban centres such as Halifax and Saint John will be served by secondary lines that branch off the main pipeline, but developing smaller markets will take time because the necessary infrastructure does not yet exist. The project has already created thousands of jobs in the province. 5 figs
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AbstractAbstract
[en] The evaluation of experience shows that today the mean individual dose incurred by external irradiation in reprocessing plants is less than one tenth of the limit of 50 mSv stipulated in the radiation protection ordinance and, hence, corresponds to the value s observed in nuclear power plants or uranium fuel-assembly factories or even clearly less. So far, the protection concept of plutonium processing has secured the protection of the environment - though not completely so in the case of the Sellafield reprocessing plant. With a few exceptions, the protection of operating staff has also been ensured. To meet future requirements, the radiation exposure of operating staff needs to be considered in the facility concept to a greater extent. This results in the glove box technology to be developed further to a remote-controlled and automated containment technology without manual interventions by the operating staff during normal operation. In addition, it is desired to have receiving inspection and material follow-up of plutonium during the processing stage and in wastes and residues. (orig./HSCH)
[de]
Die Auswertung der Erfahrungen zeigt, dass heute die mittlere Individualdosis in Wiederaufarbeitungsanlagen durch aeussere Bestrahlung unter einem Zehntel des nach Strahlenschutzverordnung geltenden Grenzwertes von 50 mSv liegt und damit den in Kernkraftwerken oder Uranbrennelementfabriken beobachteten Werten entspricht, zum Teil sogar diese Werte deutlich unterschreitet. Das Schutzkonzept der Plutoniumverarbeitung hat bisher - im Falle der Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage Sellafield jedoch mit Einschraenkungen - den Schutz der Umwelt gewaehrleistet. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen war auch der Schutz des Betriebspersonals sichergestellt. Um kuenftigen Erfordernissen gerecht werden zu koennen, muss die Strahlenexposition des Betriebspersonals bei der Anlagenkonzeption staerker beruecksichtigt werden. Dies fuehrt zu einer Weiterentwicklung der Handschuhkastentechnik zu einer fernbedienbaren und automatisierten Containment-Technik ohne Handeingriffe des Betriebspersonals im Normalbetrieb. Ausserdem ist eine Verbesserung der Eingangskontrolle und Mengenverfolgung von Plutonium im Fertigungsprozess sowie in Abfaellen und Reststoffen wuenschenswert. (orig./HSCH)Original Title
Sicherheit beim Umgang mit Plutonium
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Lukes, R.; Birkhofer, A. (eds.); Recht - Technik - Wirtschaft; v. 57; 288 p; ISBN 3-452-21665-9;
; 1989; p. 125-141; Heymanns; Koeln (Germany, F.R.); 8. German symposium on atomic energy law; 8. Deutsches Atomrechts-Symposium; Muenchen (Germany, F.R.); 1-3 Mar 1989

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AbstractAbstract
[en] The dominant factor presently limiting the fuel burnup is the response of the cladding hulls. To maintain the excellent record of very low fuel failure rates for increased burnups further technical development is underway and necessary. In the nuclear fuel cycle increased burnups lead to a remarkable reduction of spent fuel arisings and corresponding economic savings. Thermal recycling of plutonium presently provides an opportunity to reduce the rising accumulation of plutunium in a situation where there is no demand for this fissile material in Fast Breeder Reactors. (orig.)
[de]
Der gegenwaertig den erreichbaren Abbrand begrenzende Faktor liegt im Verhalten des Brennstabhuellrohrs. Hierzu laeuft Entwicklungsarbeit, damit auch bei hoeheren Abbraenden die niedrige erreichte Versagensrate der Brennstaebe eingehalten werden kann. Im nuklearen Brennstoffkreislauf fuehren hoehere Abbraende zu einer bemerkenswerten Reduzierung des Anfalls an abgebrannten Brennelementen und einer entsprechenden besseren Wirtschaftlichkeit. Durch die thermische Rezyklierung von Plutonium kann die Anhaeufung dieses Spaltstoffs reduziert werden, zumal hierfuer gegenwaertig keine Einsatmoeglichkeit als Brennstoff in Schnellen Brutreaktoren besteht. (orig.)Original Title
Sicherheitsaspekte von Abbranderhoehung und Mischoxideinsatz
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Gesellschaft fuer Reaktorsicherheit mbH (GRS), Koeln (Germany); 147 p; ISBN 3-923875-39-8;
; Feb 1992; p. 1-24; 15. special meeting of Gesellschaft fuer Reaktorsicherheit mbH (GRS); 15. Fachgespraech der Gesellschaft fuer Reaktorsicherheit mbH (GRS); Munich (Germany); 27 Nov 1991

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AbstractAbstract
[en] An historical account is given of the discovery of oil by Imperial Oil Ltd., at Leduc in 1947, and the opening of a refinery in Edmonton in 1948. The discovery at Leduc was the first major strike to be made in western Canada, but Imperial Oil did not have a refinery at the site to process the new found crude. Given the economic constraints of the postwar era, Imperial Oil decided to dismantle and move an idle and virtually brand-new refinery located at Whitehorse, Yukon. It took 10 months to reassemble the refinery at its newly prepared site at Edmonton. Regular expansions and improvements helped to ensure that the refinery kept up with the advances in technology and market demand. By the early 1970s, small refineries were becoming uneconomical as distribution of products by pipelines became possible. In 1976 Imperial Oil spent more than $300 million to consolidate its four Prairie refineries, those in Calgary, Winnipeg, Regina and Edmonton, into one large facility at the Edmonton site. The role that the refinery plays in today's community and the effort that Imperial Oil makes to comply with stringent environmental regulations were described. Today, the refinery is producing 165,000 barrels a day of fuels and lubricants and another 20,000 barrels of asphalt. The refinery supplies more than 200 different products to customers across Canada, with unit costs which are amongst the lowest of North American refineries. figs
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[en] An overview is presented of the factors influencing petroleum and crude oil prices. The petroleum industry comprises two sectors: the upstream sector which is involved in exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas, and the downstream sector which refines these into useable petroleum products and by-products. A chart demonstrates the rise and fall of crude oil prices over the last 100 years, and it is seen that if inflation is taken into account, the price of crude has averaged around $19 U.S./barrel in 1991. Underlying the fluctuations in world oil prices are the imperatives of supply and demand, accelerated by such occurrences as large new discoveries, world wars and political events such as the establishment of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) in 1960. Canadian gasoline prices are among the lowest of any major industrialized country. While the price of gasoline in Canada averaged 60 (cents)/liter, only the United States with lower taxes and refining and distribution costs had cheaper gasoline. In Italy gasoline sold for $1.56/liter, in France for $1.30 and in the U.K. for $1.12. The profit margin for the petroleum refining/marketing industry has typically been around 1 (cent)/liter on petroleum products. 1 fig
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Thomas, W.
Technische Univ. Muenchen, Garching (F.R. Germany). Lab. fuer Reaktorregelung und Anlagensicherung
Technische Univ. Muenchen, Garching (F.R. Germany). Lab. fuer Reaktorregelung und Anlagensicherung
AbstractAbstract
[en] The applicability of heterogeneous poison is investigated as criticality control for the 1. extraction cycle in a reprocessing plant. Boron containing stainless steel with 1 wt % B has been chosen as a reference material for hetorogeneous poison in form of plates. The reliability of computational method is checked against experiment. Distance between plates needed for criticality safety has been shown to be strongly depending on plutonium concentration of the solution. A plate distance of 5 cm has been found to be safe up to 25 g Pu/l (isotopic vector 90, 5, 5), resp. 50 g Pu/l (isotopic vector 59, 25, 12, 4) for a limit of k <= 0.85. Further the influence of uranium concentration, nitrate content and a PuO2-tributyle phosphate-mixture will be considered. A substantial improvement in criticality safety and corrosion stability can be achieved by hafnium. (orig.)
[de]
Es wird die Anwendbarkeit heterogener Vergiftung als Kritikalitaetskontrolle im 1. Extraktionszyklus einer Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage untersucht. Als Referenzmaterial fuer heterogene Vergiftung dient Borstahl mit 1 Gew. % Bor in Form von Platten. Die Zuverlaessigkeit der Rechenmethode wird an Experimenten ueberprueft. Es zeigt sich, dass der benoetigte Plattenabstand stark von der Plutoniumkonzentration der Loesung abhaengt. Ein Plattenabstand von 5 cm ist bis zu einem Plutoniumgehalt von 25 g Pu/l (Isotopenvektor 90, 5, 5) bzw. 50 g Pu/l (Isotopenvektor 59, 25, 12, 4) kritikalitaetssicher (k <= 0,85). Weiter werden die Einfluesse der Urankonzentration, des Stickstoffanteils und einer PuO2-Tributylphosphat-Mischung untersucht. Eine wesentliche Verbesserung der Kritikalitaetssicherheit und Korrosionsbestaendigkeit kann durch Hafnium erreicht werden. (orig.)Original Title
Plattenvergiftung als Kritikalitaetskontrolle im ersten Extraktionszyklus einer Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage
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May 1976; 39 p; 13 figs.; 6 tabs.; 9 refs.
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[en] An historical overview of Sarnia, a medium sized city in southwestern Ontario, home to Imperial Oil's oldest refinery and to a large part of Canada's petrochemical industry, was presented. Sarnia's collection of chemical and oil refineries have contributed to its role as a prominent port city on the St. Clair River. 1997 marked the one hundredth year of continuous operation for Imperial Oil's Sarnia refinery. The refinery was originally built to process locally produced crude oil. It was equipped with stills, boilers and pumphouses and could process about 300 barrels of crude per day. Today, Imperial's operations in Sarnia comprise much more than the refinery. Imperial's research department, also located in Sarnia, has developed into one of the largest of its kind in Canada. Imperial's chemical operations are also located in Sarnia. In 1957, Sarnia's first petrochemical plant was opened to produce polyethylene and polyvinylchloride used in the manufacturing of plastics. Products such as specialized solvents and lubricants, petroleum additives, basic chemicals, aromatics and plasticizer feedstocks for commercial customers are also produced at Imperial's Sarnia petrochemical plants. 19 figs
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Thomas, W.
Bundesministerium fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Bonn (Germany); Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, Koeln (Germany)
Bundesministerium fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Bonn (Germany); Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, Koeln (Germany)
AbstractAbstract
[en] An in-depth analysis of the GRS date file on incidents and accidents in nuclear fuel cycle facilities has been performed indicating 58 events relevant for fuel fabrication which show a degradation of criticality safety provisions. In most cases one or more redundant safety layers remained intact. These cases should be rated at INES levels 0 or 1 according to their low safety relevance. Five events led to an uncontrolled situation with a loss of all predetermined safety layers. Level 2 of INES scale is appropriate for these events. In respect to criticality safety provisions the effluent treatment and collection and the dissolution of scrap material have been identified as weak points. (orig.)
[de]
Eine Auswertung der bei der GRS in der Datenbank fuer besondere Vorkommnisse in Anlagen des Kernbrennstoffkreislaufs gespeicherten Ereignisse ergibt 58 Faelle, die fuer die Herstellung von Brennelementen relevant sind und bei denen die Schutzvorkehrungen gegen Kritikalitaet beeintraechtigt waren. In den meisten Faellen blieben eine oder mehrere Schutzvorkehrungen wirksam. Diese Faelle sind ihrer geringen sicherheitstechnischen Bedeutung entsprechend in die INES-Stufen 0 oder 1 einzuordnen. Fuenf Ereignisse fuehrten zu einer unkontrollierten Situation ohne Einhaltung der festgesetzten Sicherheitsparameter. Diese Faelle sind mit INES-Stufe 2 zu bewerten. Besonders stoerungsanfaellig bezueglich der Kritikalitaets-Schutzvorkehrungen erwiesen sich die Abwassersammlung und -aufbereitung sowie die Aufloesung von Schrott und nicht spezifikationsgerechtem Ruecklaufmaterial. (orig.)Original Title
Auswertung von kritikalitaetsrelevanten besonderen Vorkommnissen in Brennelementfabriken
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Schriftenreihe Reaktorsicherheit und Strahlenschutz. Ergebnisberichte, Untersuchungen, Studien, Gutachten; 1995; 31 p; ISSN 0724-3316;
; CONTRACT BMU SR 2058; Available from FIZ Karlsruhe

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Thomas, W.
Technische Univ. Muenchen, Garching (F.R. Germany). Lab. fuer Reaktorregelung und Anlagensicherung
Technische Univ. Muenchen, Garching (F.R. Germany). Lab. fuer Reaktorregelung und Anlagensicherung
AbstractAbstract
[en] Complex criticality safety control mechanisms are to be established for the reprocessing of fuel elements in large scale reprocessing plants. In this report the use of gadolinium as a homogeneous poison and restrictions of the concentrations of fissile material are investigated for homogeneous uranium and plutonium solutions. Appropriate criticality data are calculated after checking the calculational method against experiment. Special interest is turned at treatment of uranium-plutonium mixed solutions with relatively high plutonium content as expected in reprocessing of plutonium-LWR-fuel elements. (orig.)
[de]
Fuer die Wiederaufarbeitung von Kernbrennstoffen im grosstechnischen Massstab muessen bezueglich der Kritikalitaetssicherheit komplexe Sicherheitskonzepte erarbeitet werden. Im vorliegenden Bericht werden homogene Gadoliniumvergiftung und Beschraenkungen der Spaltstoffkonzentration fuer homogene Uran-, bzw. Plutoniumloesungen untersucht und entsprechende Kritikalitaetsparameter berechnet. Die Rechenmethodik wird an Experimenten nachgeprueft. Besonderes Interesse findet die Behandlung von Uran-Plutoniumloesungen mit relativ hohen Plutoniumgehalten, wie sie bei der Aufarbeitung von Plutonium-Leichtwasser-Brennelementen zu erwarten sind. (orig.)Original Title
Kritikalitaetssicherheit durch Gadoliniumvergiftung und Konzentrationsbeschraenkung fuer Spaltstoffloesungen bei der Wiederaufarbeitung von Kernbrennstoffen
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Feb 1975; 46 p; 19 figs.; 3 tabs.; 11 refs.
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AbstractAbstract
[en] I provide a brief review of the Quark Matter '83 meeting at Brookhaven, in the context of the decisive U.S. science policy actions during the summer of 1983 that led up to it. At the Brookhaven meeting a large community of nuclear and high energy physicists came together for the first time to examine the parameters for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, setting the stage for decades of quark matter research to follow.
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Quark Matter 2015: 25. international conference on ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions; Kobe (Japan); 27 Sep - 3 Oct 2015; S0375-9474(16)00085-3; Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.01.071; Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, All rights reserved.; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
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