[en] The rise of new technologies, in particular in the fields of portable electronic devices and electric mobility, leads to increased demands on energy storage equipment. Therefore, much effort is currently undertaken to develop safe and powerful batteries. New lithium battery systems based on solid-state electrolytes are seen as superior alternative to currently available battery systems, using polymer-based gel-like electrolytes. Lithium oxide garnets are among the most promising materials to be used as inorganic solid-state electrolytes. Within the group of lithium oxide garnets, cubic Li7 [Li tief 7] La3 [La tief 3] Zr2 [Zr tief 2] O12 [O tief 12] (LLZO) is of particular interest, as it does not only show a high lithium ion conductivity, but also superior chemical and electrochemical stability. Pure LLZO exhibits a tetragonal crystal structure with a lithium ion conductivity of 10-6 S cm-1 [10 hoch -6] S cm-1 [cm hoch -1] at room temperature. The garnet-structured cubic high-temperature modification with space group Ia-3d (no. 230) can be stabilized at room temperature by the creation of Li+ [Li hoch +] vacancies caused by the introduction of supervalent cations such as Al3+ [Al hoch 3+], Ta5+ [Ta hoch 5+], and Nb5+ [Nb hoch 5+]. The lithium ion conductivity of these compounds is in the range of 10-4 [10 hoch -4] - 10-3 [10 hoch -3] S cm-1 [cm hoch -1] at room temperature. In this dissertation, structural and crystal chemical investigations were carried out to characterize and improve LLZO materials. It was shown that the incorporation of Ga3+ [Ga hoch 3+] and Fe3+ [Fe hoch 3+] into the LLZO structure causes the formation of a different cubic modification with garnet-related space group I-43d (no. 220). The reduction in symmetry is caused by the site preference of Ga3+ [Ga hoch 3+] and Fe3+ [Fe hoch 3+], which leads to a splitting of the Li+ [Li hoch +] -hosting 24d position of the conventional Ia-3d garnet structure. These garnet-similar LLZO modifications show fast lithium ion conductivities of 10-3 [10 hoch -3] S cm-1 [cm hoch -1] at room temperature, which are among the highest values ever reported for lithium oxide garnets. Another approach to specifically manipulate the properties of LLZO was made by a partial substitution of Zr4+ [Zr hoch 4+] with Bi5+ [Bi hoch 5+]. The cubic garnet-structured LLZO modification was successfully stabilized by the introduction of Bi5+ [Bi hoch 5+]. As intended, the unit-cell parameter of Bi-substituted LLZO increases due to the partial substitution of the smaller Zr4+ [Zr hoch 4+] ion by the larger Bi5+ [Bi hoch 5+] ion. 7 [hoch 7] Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates a positive correlation of lithium ion mobility and Bi5+ [Bi hoch 5+] contents. This work highlights the importance of crystal chemistry for the understanding and targeted improvement of solid-state lithium ion conductors. (author)

[en] Peripheral lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to 220 kV X-radiation, with doses of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5 Gy, their culture and preparation was made under standardized conditions. The slides were stained using two different methods, namely FPG staining (fluorescence plus giemsa), and the conventional Feulgen orcein glacial acetic acid method. Compared to the conventional method, FPG staining achieved absolute yields of acentric fragments three times higher, and of dicentric chromosomes twice as high. A linear dose-response relationship in acentric fragments was found by the two staining methods alike, which agrees with the theory. Both staining methods revealed a linear-square dose-response relationship in dicentric chromosomes. Using FPG staining, preparing only M₁ cells for evaluation, the linear component was found to be dominant over the whole dose range applied. The conventional method, analysing M₁ and M₂ cells, revealed the square component to be the most important one. The dose-response relationships determined after FPG staining can be used for biological dosimetry. Calibration can be improved by increasing the number of cells analysed at doses <=0.1 Gy. (orig./MG)

[en] The diagnostic value of X-ray images, angiography and computed tomography (CT) was compared using 45 benign, semi-malignant and malignant bone tumors. All around, computed tomography proved to be more accurate than angiography. CT is therefore recommended for use as the first non-invasive examination method after X-ray images have been made. (MBC)

[en] In this overview some results of various recent studies of phase transformations in alloys by means of the quantitative field-ion spectroscopy (FIM-atomprobe technique) are presented. From the selection of the presented studies some insight into the range of applicability - advantages and limitations - of the FIM-atomprobe technique will be obtained and discussed. (orig.)

[en] The gas phase reactions of ¹¹C recoil atoms which were produced by the nuclear reaction ¹⁴N(p,α)¹¹C, were investigated in this present work in mixtures of N₂ with CH₃Cl, CH₃Br and CH₃I as well as with HCl, HBr and HI. The radiochemical yields of the gaseous reaction products were determined by radiogaschromatography. By using different columns, the carrier-free compounds produced could be clearly identified. Higher boiling products which occured in the present systems as wall activities were detected in some cases by means of high-pressure liquid chromotography. The formation of the products is discussed in the light of known recoil chemical reactions (abstraction, insertion) where attention is paid to the influence of O₂ inhibitors and radiation dose effects. The quite considerable radiochemical yield of ¹¹C-labelled methyl iodide in the N₂/HI system enables the development of an on-line system for the recoil synthesis of larger amounts of activity of this important methylating agent for fast ¹¹C labelling. A system was thus developed consisting of a gas dosing unit, target, gas purification system, and collector apparatus which enables the optimization of the product conditions by varying different parameters (proton energy, beam intensity, gas composition) and which enables the production of ¹¹CH₃-I activity quantities upto 90 mCi within a radiation and collecting time of 40 minutes at beam intensities of 20 μa and a proton input energy of 16 to 20 MeV. Specific activities of approx. 300 mCi/μmol are achieved. (orig.)

[en] The Water Almanac 1992 - a yearbook for the entire water field - presents contributions on current topics in water engineering and in water law and environmental law and information on FRG public authorities or institutions responsible for water resources management or water research, as well as on educational facilities in this field in the FRG, Austria and Switzerland, including independent scientific institutions. The contribution on the consequences of the Chernobyl reactor accident for the environment in western Europe has been analysed as a separate document for retrieval from the database. (BBR)

[en] The current state of discussions, as well as the current state of research and development from fundamentals to applications from the subject of this book. Individual topics are the technology of waste water management, ground water protection and the problem of land contamination, the water quality of the river Elbe, advanced techniques of water analysis and quality assurance of water analysis, as well as currently valid law on water management. The documentation part of the book lists facilities and institutions within the German water management community with their central activities or research projects, as well as the Swiss, Austrian and German universities doing research in this sector with their respective research projects. (orig./SR)

[en] Apart from the question about the topology of the (assumed) extended defects causing the swelling, it remains open whether i) these defects can be annealed out by an appropriate thermal treatment with the restoration of the original physical properties of the glassy alloy and ii) whether the amount of swelling of a metallic glass is also fluence dependent as is frequently observed in crystalline materials. In this paper we attempt to answer some of the questions by reporting the density changes of Fe⁴⁰Ni⁴⁰B²⁰ during various thermal treatments before and after neutron irradiation to different fluences. (orig./RW)

[en] The ionisation chambers for measuring the reactor power are subject to high requirements. The operation of the gas ionisation chambers must therefore be monitored. The function monitoring is done by comparing the reference and actual characteristics at minute to hour intervals. In all cases, the working voltage at the ionisation chamber is varied for a short time within certain limits and the change of the chamber current is simultaneously measured and evaluated. (DG)

[en] Amorphous Fe⁴⁰Ni⁴⁰B²⁰ has been exposed to in-core reactor irradiation with fluences of thermal neutrons up to 6.5 x 10₁₉ n cm^-₂. The nuclear reaction ₁₀B (n, α) ₇Li+2.3 MeV, caused by the capture of thermal neutrons, leads to damage levels of up to 26 dpa. Subsequent investigations of the irradiated material by transmission electron microscopy showed that the material remains amorphous under neutron irradiation. Irradiation-induced defects could not be detected. Thermal analysis of these specimens revealed that after irradiation to 6.5 x 10₁₉ n cm^-₂ the amorphous structure appeared to be less stable with respect to the as-quenched material. Bending tests yielded a drastic loss in ductility already after 1x10₁₉ n cm^-₂. (orig.)