[en] The nature of radicals formed in poly(vinyl butyral) films exposed to ionizing radiation was studied. The existence of three types of radicals, which convert to each other upon the warming of the sample from 77 K to room temperature, was established

[en] The reduction of NpO₂²⁺ and PuO₂²⁺ ions by (CH₃)₂COH radicals and protonated electron adducts of 2,2'-bipyridine and o-phenanthroline in argon-saturated aqueous solutions of pH 1 was studied using the microsecond pulse-radiolysis technique. The rate constants of the reactions of (CH₃)₂COH radicals with NpO₂²⁺ and PuO₂²⁺ [(1.5 - 1.8) x 10¹⁰ 1 mol^-1s^-1] are apparently diffusion-controlled. For the reactions of electron adducts, the rate constants are about one order of magnitude less. The reaction rate constant of H-adducts of o-phenanthroline with NpO₂²⁺, is less than or equal to 3.5 x 10⁶ 1 mol^s-1-1. The difference in reactivity of electron adducts and H-adducts is due to the different structures of these radicals

[en] The predischarge stage of electric breakdown of a water layer begins with the formation of electron avalanches (electron tracks) in the material. Then, energy degradation of fast electrons and chemical transformations of molecules of the medium occur. The aim of this report is to show that the mechanism (which includes geminate recombination reactions of quasi-free electrons) of chemical transformations of liquid water under the action of fast electrons, permits one to explain the main physicochemical processes at the predischarge stage during the electric breakdown of water. These processes are shock wave generation, practically simultaneous formation of gas microcavities characterized by light emission of hydrogen atoms, and an intrinsic glow of the discharge zone

[en] The role of hexachloro-p-xylene (HCPX) and 6-hydroxy-2,2,5, 7,8-pentamethylchroman (HPMC) in butadiene-nitrile rubbers (SKN) in the systems SKN-40+HCPX+ZnO and SKN- 40+HPMC+ZnO exposed to radiation was investigated. A change in the molecular structure of the SKN-40 rubber in the presence of HCPX and HPMC after irradiation with a dose of 150 kGy of γrays was demonstrated by physicochemical and spectral methods. The cross-linking yields and appearance of cross-links in the elastomers were determined for each system studied as a function of the absorbed dose. A hypothesis was advanced concerning the mechanism of radiation-heterogeneous conversion of elastomers in the presence of HCPX. 17 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab

[en] The dynamics of the formation of positive and negative ionic components in gas discharge plasma under a pressure of 1330 Pa was studied by direct mass-spectrometry with sampling of the charged particles in a direction parallel to the discharge current. In interpreting the results, the procedure of selecting the conversion model of ions was used

[en] The formation of fossil fuel - petroleum, peat, oil shale, coal - from organic deposits is an important problem in natural science. Interest in this subject is largely due to the urge to form an efficient strategy for seeking fossil fuel. The authors have considered the effect of ionizing radiations of natural radionuclides on the various steps in the transformations of organic deposits. 12 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab

[en] An extended cross beam method with optical signal detection was used to study inelastic collisions of mono-energetic electrons with molecular tellurium at energies up to 200 eV. It was found that both dissociative excitation of the Te₂ molecule to atomic tellurium, and direct excitation of Σ-Σ band system of the Te₂ molecule occur. 7 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs

[en] Tetrazene is a widely known priming explosive. In this work, the authors synthesized the compound using a conventional procedure; purity of the product obtained was 96%. Decomposition of a tetrazene molecule results in eight gas molecules: C₂H₈ON₁₀ → 2C + H₂O + 5N₂↑ + 3H₂↑. The authors used this tetrazene capability for producing gas in great quantity to study the effects of elevated temperatures and ionizing γ-radiation of ⁶⁰Co on tetrazene. The thermolysis and the radiolysis were examined in the range of 281-373 and 77-320 K, respectively. The dose rate was 11 kGy/h

[en] The purpose of the present work was to investigate regimes for the development of the ionization of a gas and the corresponding evolution of the stability of its collective states, which result in the appearance of a open-quotes homogeneous oscillatorclose quotes under conditions under which the neutrality of the medium is maintained in an external field that is sufficiently weak to serve only as a source of energy for the electrons. Depending on the quantity of energy absorbed in the medium, its chemical activity varies in response to the value of the energy level of the excited particles established rather than in response to the changes in the concentration of the particles of different kinds participating in the chemical reactions in the plasma. 10 refs., 1 fig

[en] The approximate methods for calculating the inelastic energy losses by charged particles in a condensed medium were analyzed. The semiclassical theory of inelastic scattering was used to derive an equation describing the change in inelastic energy losses of a particle at the phase transition of a medium. It was shown that the inelastic losses per unit mass in water vapor S^v_p are higher than those in liquid water (S^v_p > S¹_p) at a particle energy E < E_b (E_b ∼ 175 eV for electrons and ∼ 320 keV per amu for heavy particles), whereas the opposite relation S¹_p > S^v_p holds at E > E_b