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[en] The main theme of this communication is the integration of decisions on energy and the environment, why this integration is necessary, how can it be achieved and what will be its consequences. IEA and its member countries are taking vigorous energy policy action, in particular greater efficiency and technology improvements, in order to ensure that energy and policy objectives are achieved while achieving a clean and healthy environment: physical restrictions placed on the development or operation of energy activities, or through changes in the costs of energy supply and use
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[en] This communication is concerned with three major developments that are likely to have significant impact on the future structure of world oil markets: oil company mergers and acquisitions, shift of exploration and production activity from the United States to overseas, and joint venture agreements between producing countries and oil companies aimed at further downstream integration by OPEC. The last two developments are likely to contribute substantially to price and market stability in the future
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[en] Sulphur dioxide emissions in France have declined by 64% from 1980 to 1987. Those of nitrogen oxides from stationary sources have been lowered by 49 %. The main reason is the development of nuclear electricity, from 52 000 TJ in 1977 to 894 000 TJ in 1987. Another factor is a better efficiency in energy use: from 1973 to 1987, the Gross Domestic Product has progressed by 33% while energy consumption only increased by 6.7%. Furthermore, natural gas consumption has grown from 360 000 TJ in 1973 up to 878 000 TJ in 1987. France still must abate emissions in the medium and long range, and efforts will essentially bear on small and medium-size combustion plants by direct injection of limestone and lime in the furnace development of various types of desulfurizing fluid bed combustors and flue gas treatment processes
[fr]
Les emissions d'anhydride sulfureux en France ont baisse de 64% de 1980 a 1987. Celles d'oxydes d'azote, issues de sources fixes, de 49%. La raison principale est le developpement de l'electricite d'origine nucleaire de 52 600 TJ en 1977 a 894 000 TJ en 1987. Un autre facteur est la meilleure utilisation de l'energie, de 1973 a 1987 le PIB a augmente de 33% et la consommation d'energie seulement de 6,7%. D'autre part la consommation de gaz naturel a augmente de 360 000 TJ en 1973 jusqu'a 878 000 TJ en 1987. La France doit encore reduire ses emissions et les efforts vont porter surtout sur les centrales thermiques de petite et moyenne importance par injection de composes calciques, par les lits fluidises desulfurants et le traitement des gaz de combustionOriginal Title
L'exemple francais: energie nucleaire, lits fluidises et traitement des gaz contre la pollution SO2
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[en] The electric power share in the world energy consumption is steadily growing; it should be of 50pc in 2020. Various scenarios are reviewed concerning the fuel competition for electricity production: petroleum, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, with reference to their reserves and consumptions and their environmental impacts (acid rains, ozone layer depletion, greenhouse effect, pollution) are examined and compared
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La competition inter-combustibles dans la production d'electricite. Les contraintes relatives a l'environnement
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[en] Oil price fixing politics are first reviewed (existence of a floor price and of a maximum price, independently of economical consideration). In fact, geopolitical consideration are of premium importance in the oil demand/supply evolution. The Gulf Crisis and its surroundings (the Israel-Arab conflict) are revealing the supply and price logics of the oil market. An oil new order should be instaured through an OPEP restructuration and/or bilaterals relations and market dominance, organized by United States and Saoudi Arabia
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Le petrole: economie et politique. Reflexions preliminaires sur la crise du Golfe
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[en] The CNRS set up a commission in 1968 to evaluate the perspectives of solar energy in France. The conclusions of this commission led to an essentially export-minded policy that still stands today. There is no domestic market, and all the physical resources are located in the southern hemisphere. After the first petroleum crisis, France set up an action program to promote nonrenewable energy resources, and created a number of organizations, including the COMES (solar energy commission) in 1978, with financial independence but no laboratory of its own. The COMES built some big systems and signed international agreements; but in 1982 the government, to avoid duplications between the COMES and various other organizations responsible for nonrenewable resources and the rational use of energy, replaced them with the AFME, which launched the PES solar energy promotion program. Despite its good results, this program was suspended at the end of 1984, under pressure from the energy interest lobbies, and for lack of political and industrial support. There was also too much electricity being produced, and the EDF was launching a publicity campaign for all-electric living in the media. Starting in 1986 the whole solar program looked done for. The government was withdrawing, investments were slowing down, and all that was left was the photovoltaic process. So it seems that all hope is lost for any significant commercial uses in the near future. A change in energy policy would be needed, along with different organizations that would not all be grouped together under the responsibility of a single government agency, so that no one process would ride an artificial advantage over the others. 17 refs.; 3 figs.; 6 tabs
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Perspectives et developpement de l'energie solaire en France: les aspects politiques et les investissements
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[en] This paper gives the official text of the advice given by the Commission, concerning the general data about the plan of the radioactive effluents of the Cattenom nuclear power plant, in pursuance of the article 37 of the EURATOM treaty, and a commentary which summarizes and explains this advice
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Le present article donne le texte officiel de l'avis rendu par la Commission, concernant les donnees generales relatives au projet d'effluents radioactifs de la centrale nucleaire de Cattenom, en application de l'article 37 du traite Euratom, ainsi qu'un texte de commentaire qui resume et explique le contenu de cet avisOriginal Title
La centrale de Cattenom et la Communaute Europeenne
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[en] In this paper, presented at the birth of the world-wide union of nuclear power plants operators, the author indicates the objectives and the programs which ought to do the work basis of this union
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Dans ce papier, presente lors de la creation de l'union mondiale des exploitants de centrales nucleaires, l'auteur indique les buts et les programmes qui devront faire la base de travail de cette unionOriginal Title
Premiers pas de l'Union mondiale des exploitants des centrales nucleaires
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[en] In this paper we give the modifications realized in the conception of the Family of the Advanced Fuel Assemblies (AFA)
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Dans ce papier nous montrons les modifications apportees dans la conception de la famille des assemblages combustibles AFAOriginal Title
Les assemblages de combustible avances de 2e generation
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[en] Unification of the energy european market will heavily enhance external energy dependence and inter-energy competition. In order to respond to these new challenges, petroleum industry will have to change, probably in the direction of an increased integration concentration. Petroleum market share, moreover, will depend largely from environmental trends in EEC politics and regulations
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La demande petroliere de l'Europe et les effets possibles du Marche commun de 1993
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