[en] Highlights: ► Temperature dependence of heat capacity of Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ has been measured in the range from 6 to 330 K. ► The experimental data were used to calculate standard thermodynamic functions. ► Raman and IR investigations have also been performed. ► The high-temperature X-ray diffraction method was used for the determination of thermal expansion coefficients. - Abstract: In the present work temperature dependence of heat capacity of Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ has been measured for the first time in the range from 6 to 330 K by precision adiabatic vacuum calorimetry. The experimental data were used to calculate standard thermodynamic functions, namely the heat capacity C°_p(T), enthalpy H°(T)−H°(0), entropy S°(T)−S°(0) and Gibbs function G°(T)−H°(0), for the range from T → 0 to 670 K. Raman and IR investigations have also been performed. The high-temperature X-ray diffraction method was used for the determination of thermal expansion coefficients

[en] Highlights: • We determined the thermal behavior of isolated LPSF/FZ4. • We used the isothermal and non-isothermal methods. • We reported the time of the stability of LPSF/FZ4 was measured in 4 months. • We also performed a compatibility study associated with excipients. • We reported the possible interactions of the prototype with lactose. - Abstract: In this study, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry were employed to determine the thermal behavior of LPSF/FZ4 isolated and associated with excipients (amide, β-cyclodextrin, cellulose, lactose, stearate of magnesium, aerosil, sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbate and polyvinylpyrrolidone). Thus, the purity of the prototype calculated was 98%. Isothermal and non-isothermal methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters of decomposition, finding a first-reaction order and activation energy (A_e) of 98.22 kJ mol⁻¹. Also, the time of the stability of LPSF/FZ4 was measured in 4 months. The compatibility study showed possible interactions of the prototype with lactose due to a change in its heat of fusion, a reduction of more than 40 °C in its stability and a reduction of approximately 30% in A_e of its decomposition reaction. The study demonstrated the importance of using thermal analytical methods to characterize new drugs to enable the development and quality control of pharmaceutical products

[en] Graphical abstract: We have shown that enthalpies of formation, enthalpies of vaporization, and lattice potential energies of alkylsubstituted imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids with Cl and Br anions are linearly dependant on the alkyl chain length. The thermochemical properties of ILs are generally obey the group additivity rules and the values of the additivity parameters for enthalpies of formation and vaporization are very close to those for molecular compounds. - Highlights: • Alkyl substituted imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids with anions [Cl] and [Br] were studied using DSC and ab initio methods. • The thermochemical properties of ILs generally obey the group additivity rules. • A linear dependence on the chain length of the alkyl chain of cation was found. - Abstract: DSC was used for determination of reaction enthalpies of synthesis of ionic liquids [C_nmim][Cl]. A combination of DSC with quantum chemical calculations presents an indirect way to study thermodynamics of ionic liquids. The indirect procedure for vaporization enthalpy was validated with the direct experimental measurements by using thermogravimetry. First-principles calculations of the enthalpy of formation in the gaseous phase have been performed for the ionic species using the CBS-QB3 and G3 (MP2) theory. Experimental DSC data for homologous series of alkyl substituted imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids with anions [Cl] and [Br] were collected from the literature. We have shown that enthalpies of formation, enthalpies of vaporization, and lattice potential energies are linearly dependant on the alkyl chain length. The thermochemical properties of ILs generally obey the group additivity rules and the values of the additivity parameters for enthalpies of formation and vaporization seem to be very close to those for molecular compounds

[en] Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Micro-focused synchrotron radiation was used for WAXS analysis of FSC samples. • FSC polymer crystallization experiments were completed by in situ X-ray structure analysis. • The supercooling-controlled polymorphism of iPP and PA 6 has been confirmed. - Abstract: Microfocus wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) has been applied for analysis of the polymorphism of isotactic polypropylene and polyamide 6 prepared in a fast scanning chip calorimeter (FSC). Samples with a typical mass of few hundred nanograms, and lateral dimension and thickness of about 100 μm and 20 μm, respectively, were exposed to a defined thermal history in the FSC and subsequently analyzed regarding the X-ray structure at ambient temperature using an intense synchrotron microfocused X-ray beam. The relaxed melt of isotactic polypropylene was cooled at rates of 40 K s⁻¹ and 200 K s⁻¹ which allowed formation of α-crystals or mesophase, respectively. Polyamide 6 was isothermally crystallized at 95 °C and 180 °C which led to formation of γ-mesophase and α-crystals, respectively. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that FSC polymer crystallization experiments could be completed and expanded by subsequent in situ structure analysis by X-ray scattering

[en] Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • FSC was firstly utilized to simulate the laser soldering process. • Size-dependent undercooling for Sn3.5Ag droplets was in situ measured by FSC. • Solidification structure evolution of laser soldering process was simulated. • This research opens a new research approach in rapid solidification field. - Abstract: Fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) has a large scanning rate up to 10⁵ K/s which makes it possible to simulate laser soldering. In this paper, the cooling rate and size dependence of undercooling for Sn3.5Ag droplets were studied. The undercooling increased slightly with increasing cooling rate. When the droplet size was smaller than 25 μm, undercooling increased dramatically. For investigating the solidification microstructure at high cooling rates, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were applied. In comparison with the bulk alloys, refined solidification structure instead of coarse β-Sn dendrites and eutectics exists in the droplets. Fine β-Sn dendrites were clearly observed in droplets of 300 μm and 500 μm. Eutectics containing Ag₃Sn phase were also detected by SEM. However, the dendrites and eutectics were difficult to be distinguished in droplets of 25 μm and 50 μm, attributing to the higher cooling rate and larger undercooling

[en] Highlights: • PEG1000 intercalated MMT composites were prepared by solvent free ultrasonication. • The thermal storage capacity is 104.8 Jg⁻¹ in the temperature range 32.9–43.0 °C. • Increased heat-transfer area is provided by the numerous clay particles. • Potential for use in new thermal insulation products. - Abstract: This study investigates the intercalation of low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol), PEG1000, into a montmorillonite-type Anatolian clay mineral (MMT_A) using ultrasound sonication in a solvent free medium to produce a new type of organoclay with improved thermal properties. The results from the particle size distribution and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the PEG–MMT composites revealed that the ultrasonication process caused a significant reduction in the size of MMT_A without destroying its crystalline structure. The XRD results also revealed that PEG1000 was successfully intercalated into the galleries of MMT_A. The best PEG–MMT composites have a particle size distribution that ranges between 396 and 1280 nm, and they provide a heat storage capacity of 104.8 Jg⁻¹ at −32.9 to 43.0 °C and heat release capacity of 107.0 Jg⁻¹ at 27–17.2 °C. The thermal cyclic analyses indicated that no degradation or segregation of PEG1000 occurred within the composites. The ultrasound sonication in a solvent free medium can be suggested to be an effective modification route for the intercalation of MMT using nontoxic and biocompatible PEGs during the production of organoclays

[en] Highlights: • The dehydration of La(C₃H₇CO₂)₃·xH₂O takes place between 50 °C and 120 °C. • La(C₃H₇CO₂)₃ melts at 180 °C. • The decomposition of La(C₃H₇CO₂)₃ to La₂O₂CO₃ involves a meta-butyrate intermediate. • CO₂ and C₃H₇COC₃H₇ (4-heptanone) are released between 250 °C and 350 °C. • La₂O₃ is formed as a final decomposition product. - Abstract: The thermal decomposition of La(C₃H₇CO₂)₃·xH₂O (x ≈ 0.82) was studied in argon during heating at 5 K/min. After the loss of bound H₂O, the anhydrous butyrate presents at 135 °C a phase transition to a mesophase, which turns to an isotropic liquid at 180 °C. The decomposition of the anhydrous butyrate is associated to a solidification process. The final decomposition to La₂O₃ takes place via two intermediate products: La₂O(C₃H₇CO₂)₄ and La₂O₂CO₃ with release of CO₂ and the symmetrical ketone C₃H₇COC₃H₇

[en] Highlights: • Metal nanopowders are common and frequently employed in industry. • Nano iron powder experimental results of T_o were 140–150 °C. • Safety information can benefit relevant metal powders industries. - Abstract: Metal nanopowders are common and frequently employed in industry. Iron is mostly applied in high-performance magnetic materials and pollutants treatment for groundwater. Zinc is widely used in brass, bronze, die casting metal, alloys, rubber, and paints, etc. Nonetheless, some disasters induced by metal powders are due to the lack of related safety information. In this study, we applied differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and used thermal analysis software to evaluate the related thermal safety information, such as exothermic onset temperature (T_o), peak of temperature (T_p), and heat of reaction (ΔH). The nano iron powder experimental results of T_o were 140–150 °C, 148–158 °C, and 141–149 °C for 15 nm, 35 nm, and 65 nm, respectively. The ΔH was larger than 3900 J/g, 5000 J/g, and 3900 J/g for 15 nm, 35 nm, and 65 nm, respectively. Safety information can benefit the relevant metal powders industries for preventing accidents from occurring

[en] Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • The pyrolysates of coal were investigated using XRD, SEM, FT–IR and GC–MS. • The pyrolyzed coal in the m.s.g. increases the destruction rate constant by 16.7 times. • In the m.s.g. some substances have catalytic influence on breakage of ether bonding. - Abstract: The influence of additives of initial coal and selected pyrolysates of this coal on the reaction rate constant was investigated during the test reaction of breakage of ether bonding. It was stated that pyrolyzed coal at the stage of maximally swollen grains increases the destruction rate constant by 16.7 times. The pyrolysates were investigated using X-ray diffraction, electron scanning microscopy (SEM), and FT–IR spectroscopy. The resistivity values were measured for the coal and its pyrolysates. Dichloromethane extracts of the pyrolyzed coals were analyzed by gas chromatography. It was proved that the composition and structure of substances in the layer of maximally swollen grains differ substantially from those of substances in the nearby layers. The authors suggest that in the maximally swollen grains some substances can be formed which have catalytic influence on the reaction of breakage of ether bonding

[en] Highlights: • The encapsulation process reduces absorbed heat by about 20% in the melting process. • The knitted fabrics MPCMk absorb about 30–40% of the total MPCMp heat. • Mixing the MPCM get thermo-regulating properties in varied interval of temperature. - Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess thermo-regulating properties of the knitted fabric, modified with homogeneous microcapsules of PCM (MPCM) and their mixtures. MPCM containing the following hydrocarbons: n-tetradecane (C₁₄H₃₀), n-Hexadecane (C₁₆H₃₄), n-Octadecane (C₁₈H₃₈), n-Eicosane (C₂₀H₄₂) and a mixture of paraffins were used for the study. Melting points of the MPCM examined amounted to 6–43 °C. A 100% PET column knitwear fabric with a weight of 72.80 g/m² was modified with a polymer paste containing 40% of MPCM and binders. The thermo-regulating properties of both MPCM in the form of powder and the modified knitted fabric were assessed and the heat balance of the fabric modified was measured by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results of DSC have showed that: -the exploitation of MPCM heat in the modified knitwear fabric determined by the effectiveness coefficient K amounts to 31%; -the use of MPCM mixtures for the modification of knitted fabrics extents the temperature range of the textile thermo-regulating properties in relation to homogeneous MPCM