[en] Results of both theoretical and experimental methods developed in ATOMKI for studying the structure of nuclei by nuclear reactions are briefly reviewed. The paper covers a wide range of topics including the classical Rutherford scattering optical model studies, direct and intermediate nucleus mechanism reactions and Doppler shift attenuation measurements. (P.L.)

[en] The extent and the possible consequences of thermal pollution caused by the increase in energy production are described. The conventional and nuclear energy resources are compared. The problems concerning the realization of the controlled thermonuclear fusion are briefly discussed. (P.L.)

[en] The experiment leading to the discovery of cosmic background radiation is described and the role of this phenomenon in the Big Bang theory is explained. The significance of possible anisotropies of cosmic background radiation is shown and the latest experiments to determine this anisotropy are described. The explanation of the observed anisotropy is also given. (P.L.)

[en] The structure, the control system and the safety devices of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant are described and compared with those of other reactors. On the basis of recorded data, the development and the course of the accident as well as the actions of the operating staff during the first days are reconstructed. The radiation exposure of the staff and the inhabitants, and the contamination of the environment are analysed and compared with normal values of nuclear experiments. (L.E.)

[en] In the article the scientific cooperation between ATOMKI (Debrecen, Hungary) and two laboratories of the JINR (Dubna) in the field of the production and investigation of new isotopes is described. Between 1965 and 1980 several new short-lived radioisotopes produced by heavy-ion cyclotron or by proton synchrocyclotron were studied by nuclear spectroscopy: ¹⁹¹Au, ¹⁹⁰Hg, ¹⁸⁷Hg, ¹⁹⁵Tl, etc. About isotopes of 16 elements, 220 new gamma radiations as well as new data concerning energies and intensities for another 250 were found. Further possibilities are also discussed. (Sz.J.)

[en] The twenty-year history of atomic energy research in the Central Research Institute for Physics is overviewed. The period consists of two parts, namely, the so called research reactor era and the nuclear power era. The WWRS reactor and its effects on scientific research in Hungary are evaluated. The data necessary for the operation and reconstruction of the research reactor and for the design of the Training Reactor of the Budapest Technical University were obtained by intensive studies on critical systems. The results of radiation protection research are given, with special emphasis on the environmental monitoring system designed for the Paks Nuclear Power Station. Some electrotechnical achievements are also mentioned: the computer-based control system of the WWRS reactor, and the industrial nuclear instrument series. The role of the research on thermohydraulics and reactor diagnostics as well as the Temporary International Research Collective is emphasized. (R.J.)

[en] The future role in power production and the principles of thermonuclear fusion are shortly discussed. Among the most important quasistationary devices the design of the tokamak is presented and its results achieved and awaited are analysed. The cooperation of the socialist countries in thermonuclear research is reviewed with special emphasis on the results in plasma diagnostics in Hungary. (R.J.)

[en] A review of the physical basis and the practical methods of neutron dosimetry is given. The different interaction processes of neutrons with tissues are described. Methods for global characterization of processes and definitions of proper physical quantities are given. The effects of monoenergetic neutrons and those of distributed neutron spectra are distinguished. Methods and instruments for measuring dose equivalents, measuring methods of neutron fluence (types of activation detectors and solid state track detectors), applications to personnel dosimetry and the iterative process for the determination of neutron spectra are described. (D.Gy.)

[en] The atmospheric explosions for weapon testing are listed from 1945 to 1962: to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The atmospheric contamination and fallout effects of these tests are discussed, including local, tropospheric and stratospheric components. The conclusions from the activity of precipitation and the radioisotopes resulting from neutron activation processes are described. Finally, the contamination resulting from a hypothetical nuclear war is estimated. (R.P.)

[en] Nuclear energy will become the most important bases of the Hungarian electric supply. The first stage of the nuclear power station in Paks (440 MW) will be finished in 1980, till 1984 further three blocks (each of 440 MW) will operate and till 1990 three other reactor blocks (each of 1000 MW) will work. The first unit will be a pressurized water reactor analogue to the VVER type in Novovoronesh which will contain a localization tower (for that case when a tube in the primer circle breaks) and a zone-cooling system (to deluge the active zone if it is necessary) among other protecting devices. Demands on technicians can be met by training the experts. Research and development works in connection with the atomic energy programme (under suitable control) are wholly supported by the network of the existing institutions. (V.N.)