No abstract available

No abstract available

[en] Problem of recording linear gamma spectra with devices installed in balloons and satellites is discussed. At present neutron stars, quasars, entire galaxies or their central parts are the objects of most importance in cosmic gamma-spectroscopy. The recording of gamma bursts has led to discovery of a new class of astronomical objects. These objets emit enormous gamma radiation fluxes for seconds or minutes, then the radiation ceases. Gamma devices for recording gamma radiation from the above objects are described briefly

No abstract available

[en] Intuitive Einstein notions about the structure of the theoretical physics are discussed in general in the lecture dedicated to the centenary of Albert Einstein's birth. The Lorentz invariance in combination with the equivalence principle lead Einstein to the general relativity theory. He introdUced the principle which played a great role in the origin of different field theories: interactions are determined by symmetry. Einstein always emphasized the exclusive importance of the field concept as a basic one in the fundamental physics. The other important theme in the Einstein's approach to the bases of the theoretical physics was his attempt of physics geometrization. Einstein was fully aware of the necessity of the geometrical structures leading to the nonlinear equations. As it turned out nowadays the structure, which Einstein had searched for is a calibration field. Calibration fields are internally related with the general relativity theory based on the geometrical conceptions

[en] An investigation of the state-of-the art of the neutron diffraction analysis of magnetic structures from the point of view of the theory of crystal symmetry is given. Various and numerous structures determined from the neutron diffraction analysis investigations can be classified and described with the theory of space group representations of crystals. The analysis of quite a number of various magnetic structures shows that they arise according to Landau hypothesis. The foundations of a symmetry analysis of magnetic structures and the methods for their determination are given. A physical explanation is given for the existence of magnetic structures. The experimental investigations of the crystal lattice distortions accompanying a magnetic ordering are reviewed. In this review is given a symmetry approach to the description of the magnetic structures of crystals; and a possibility to analyze them by a scattering of nonpolarized and polarized neutrons

[en] Presented is the review of the data showing that existence of nuclei and atoms, stars and galaxies is rather sensitive to the numerical value of the fundamental constants: the constants of four interactions, gravitational constant, Plank constant, light velocity and etc. The change of some constants by several dozens of per cent in case the rest are unchanged would lead to disappearance of the basic stable states. The existing set of the fundamental constants permit to make the conclusion at present that there exist a great number of universes and that the choice of the given set has a random character. Further development of the unified field theory can show whether the conclusion is final or not. It can be disproved only by carrying out the whole Geisenberg program, i.e. to relate all the fundamental constants on the basis of the single parameter

[en] A review of experimental investigations of inclusive processes in hadron-hadron and hadron-nucleus interactions carried out in 1968-1978 is given. The experimental results on multiple production of secondary charged particles in hadron interactions are considered. Two-particle correlations for the secondary particle rapidities and the azimuthal correlations are considered. It is noted that the main tendency of the experimental situation of the last years is investigation of resonance production. The method of singling out the resonance states is considered in detail. The differential cross sections of resonance production and universal regularities in the momentum particle spectra and resonances are determined. A complex of data on multiple processes is described in the framework of the additive quark model (AQM). The scheme of hadron production and the diagram of inelastic nucleon-nucleus interactions in the AQM, the diagrams of probability of interaction of one, two and three quarks in the pA and πA-interactions are presented. Interference of identical particles and the sizes of their irradiation zone are described. The conclusion is made that the theoretical motions about the quark-parton structure of hadrons are experimentally verified, and the practical ways of theory construction on strong interactions and its connection with electromagnetic and weak interactions are outlined

[en] Described is discovery of the most massive elementary particle-upsilon particle. Confirming the hypothesis of the existence of the fifth heavier quark. Upsilon-particle was discovered during experiments at the Fermi National Laboratory accelerator in 1977. The scheme and general view of an experimental facility are shown. During the experiments a resonance testifying to the existence of a particle having approximately 10 GeV mass has been discovered. Increasing statistical data has shown, that in fact the resonance consists of two peaks closely placed (with indications of the third peak). Which are moved apart one from another by 600 MeV approximately. Improved calculations permitted to draw the conclusion, that the upsilon-particle is revealed in the form of three resonances: 9.4 (lower state), 10.0 and 10.4 GeV (excited states). Electronic computer simulation using the Monte Carlo method has shown, that the true width of upsilon-resonance is less than 100 MeV. It is emphasized, that such extreme narrowness of resonance, in spite of expectations, testifying to long life time of particle, points to the existence of some unknown law, decelarating upsilon-particle decay into common hadron. It resulted in the necessity to consider them as bound states of two new massive quarks. It is noted, that the possibility for more comprehensive study of upsilon-particles has to appear during the experiments with colliding electron-positron high energy beams at electron-positron storage rings. Such first data obtained by the German physists show, that width of upsilon-resonance with 0.46 Gev mass cannot exceed 7 MeV. These data permitted also to determine electric charge of the new quark, which is equal to 1/3, which is earlier predicted on the basis of theoretical models

[en] In recent years X-ray spectoscopic methods of research are being widely used in studying dense high-temperature plasmas from various sources such as vacuum spark, plasma focus, laser and electron beam produced plasmas, exploiding wires. In these devices plasma is usually in the state intermediate between the thermodynamic and coronal equilibrium; therefore the intensities of the spectra of the multicharged ions are essentially determined by the kinetics of the excited level relaxation. The analysis of the calculation methods for the effective cross-sections, and the rates of levels' relaxation due to the electronic and ion collisions is given. The relative X-ray spectral lines intensities and the possibilities of their application in plasma density diagnostics are considered. The influence of plasma electric and magnetic fields on the line spectra of multicharged ions is briefly discussed