[en] The economic aspects and the feasibility of total energy coupling in a recreation park are assessed. The feasibility study is based on an analysis of the energy demand, an assessment of employable total energy equipment, and simulation calculations for different total energy configurations. Depending on the chosen reference scenario, the application of the total energy leads to an annual saving of 7 to 13 percent on primary energy and a reduction of the CO₂ emission of 1 to 7 percent per year. The relatively low reduction of the annual CO₂ emission is explained by the high portion of nuclear energy in the total power production in Belgium. (A.S.)

[en] The policy of the Flemish region (Belgium) with regard to the total energy principle are presented. An overview of the main policy instruments to support energy saving and environmental-friendly investments as well as the development of new technologies is given. The total energy policy of the Flanders Region forms part of the general Flemish (energy) policy. (A.S.)

[en] The significance and the integration of an energy saving project, based on the total energy principle in an oil refinery are outlined. In addition, the general criteria for the cooperation with power producers are summarized. (A.S)

[en] A computer model for the calculation of the marginal costs for the production and transport of electric energy is proposed. The model takes account of the intrinsic properties of power transmission such as capacity restrictions, losses and the physical laws on capacity streams. The marginal costs, differentiated to time and place, can be used for fixing rates for production, transport and fixing rates for electric power consumption. (A.S.)

[en] Monitoring and targeting software systems have proved to be valuable tools for energy control, permitting to save five to ten percent of energy. The article reviews the systems that are presently available in England and illustrates how these systems are successfully used in practice in small (British Telecom) and middle large (Charles Wells Brewery) industrial applications. (A.S.)

[en] Regional energy balances are vital in federal Belgium where the regional (Wallonie, Brussels, Flanders) authorities are fully qualified in the matter of energy and environmental policy. The energy balance for the Flanders region for 1990 is presented. Due to the absence of detailed statistic information, the energy balance for the Flanders region was calculated as a remainder by subtracting the energy balances for the Wallonie and the Brussels Metropolitan region from the federal Belgian energy balance. From the energy balances, differences in energy consumption between the regions are evaluated. The proposed energy balances are used for making up the pollution balances for NO_x, SO₂, and CO₂ per region. (A.S.)

[en] Heat transformers are a promising technology for optimal exploitation of waste heat streams. The use of heat transformers is efficient for energetic, exergetic, and economic reasons. Heat transformers are environment-friendly, and reduce both thermal pollution and the pollution by greenhouse gases. The practical use of heat transformers is however still limited to the water/LiBr pair. The application of new media and the multistage heat transformer are promising new developments. (A.S.)

[en] In the Netherlands, a considerable amount of electric power is produced by total energy plants. It is now planned to increase the capacity of electric energy, produced by combined heat and power plants to 4500 MV_e in 2000. The energy policy of the national government as well as the forms of cooperation between the energy sector and small to large energy consumers with regard to energy production by total energy plants are reviewed. (A.S.)

[en] The European gas distribution industry will be faced with real challenges during the coming ten years. Additional import of natural gas from non-European Community countries will be required in view of the growing demand and the concomitant decrease in gas production in the European Community. This implies that facilities for the long-distance transport of gas will have to be built and that considerable investments are required. It is argued that the recommendation for the liberalization of the gas market by the Commission of the European Communities is unsuited to face future developments of the European gas market. (A.S.)

[en] The European power industry has shown its readiness to contribute actively in the reduction of greenhouse gases. The policy of the European power industry with regard to the proposals of the Council and the Commission of the European Communities for combined CO₂/energy taxes are summarized. Combined CO₂ and energy taxes will increase the price of electricity with 0.28 Belgian Franks per kWh for nuclear energy to 0.74 Belgian Franks per kWh for energy produced by the existing coal power plants in Belgium. The power industry stresses the benefits of climate protection on the basis of voluntary self-commitments. The benefits of these covenants are summarized and a proposal for possible actions with regard to an effective strategy for greenhouse gas control is given. It is argued that the charging of taxes in order to reduce CO₂ emissions are insufficient in the light of the obligation to use fossils fuel instead of nuclear or hydrological energy and the growing demand of electric power by the industry. In addition, the taxes will have a negative effect on the European economy. It is argued that alternative options such as the reforestation as well as the optimisation of the yield of Eastern European power plants ought to be be considered. (A.S.)