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[en] This study shall contribute to recognise the chemical and engineering research and development need for the future energy supply which besides the improvement of the energy efficiency will increasingly use renewable energies. As an introduction to the complex topic a summarised opinion of competent international experts about the development of energy requirements and its supply in the current century is put in front. An important role can be derived from this for the biomass. The use of the solar power accumulated in the biomass for water splitting to produce the low-emission fuel hydrogen could play a significant role to substitute oil and natural gas. Besides this, the coal which has today the largest foreseeable reserves of the fossil fuels probably will have to make an important contribution. Dominant for the use of coal is the efficiency improvement of the transformation processes and the reduction of the emissions / immissions, as well for electricity production as for synthetic fuel production. This aim should most likely be achieved by gasification and for the electricity production in connection with gas turbines (combined cycle) or also hydrogen fuel cells. The principles of the gasification for the different carbonaceous educts - from biomass up to anthracite - are the same. The differences in reactivity and in accompanying substances require both a better understanding of the chemical - physical fundamentals and technological progress, to guarantee the required high process efficiency and the restrictive purity specifications of gas turbines or fuel cells. The state of the art for the hydrogen production also with a view to the use of renewable energies is presented and discussed in detail. The process developments for the gasification of biomass are surprisingly little progressed in comparison with the expensive electrolysis using renewable electricity (photo voltaic, wind). After describing of R and D projects which build up on the principles of traditional gasification a new process concept is presented to the split of water under hydrothermal conditions. In conclusion the research and development need is discussed. (orig.)
[de]
Diese Abhandlung soll dazu beitragen den chemischen und verfahrenstechnischen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf fuer die zukuenftige Energieversorgung, die neben verbesserter Energieeffizienz zunehmend auf erneuerbare Energien bauen wird, deutlicher zu erkennen und die in dieser Hinsicht bestehenden Luecken aufzuzeigen. Zur Einfuehrung in das komplexe Thema wird eine zusammengefasste Einschaetzung der zustaendigen internationalen Gremien ueber die Entwicklung des Energiebedarfes und dessen Deckung im laufenden Jahrhundert vorangestellt. Daraus kann fuer die Biomasse eine bedeutende Rolle abgeleitet werden. Die Nutzung der in der Biomasse gespeicherten Sonnenenergie zur Wasserspaltung koennte eine nicht unwesentliche Rolle beim Ersatz von Oel und Erdgas spielen. Daneben wird die Kohle im laufenden Jahrhundert wahrscheinlich noch einen grossen Beitrag leisten muessen. Bei der Kohlenutzung, ob fuer die Elektrizitaetserzeugung oder Kraftstoffherstellung, steht die Effizienzverbesserung der Umwandlungsverfahren und die Senkung der Emissionen und Immissionen im Vordergrund. Dieses Ziel ist nach heutigen Wissensstand am besten ueber Vergasung zu erreichen; fuer die Elektrizitaetserzeugung in Verbindung mit GuD oder den heute noch teuren Brennstoffzellen. Die Verfahrensprinzipien der Vergasung sind fuer die verschiedenen kohlenstoffhaltigen Edukte - von der Biomasse bis zum Anthrazit - die gleichen, die Unterschiede in der Reaktivitaet und bei den Begleitstoffen erfordem allerdings ein besseres Verstaendnis der chemisch - physikalischen Vorgaenge und verfahrenstechnische Fortschritte, um bei hohem Gaswirkungsgrad die restriktiven Reinheitsspezifikationen der Speisegase fuer Gasturbinen oder Brennstoffzellen sicher zu stellen. Der Stand der Technik fuer die Wasserstoffherstellung wird ausfuehrlich dargestellt und diskutiert, auch im Hinblick auf die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien. Die Verfahrensentwicklungen zur Vergasung von Biomasse sind im Vergleich mit der heute noch teuren Elektrolyse bei Nutzung von erneuerbarer Elektrizitaet (PV, Wind) ueberraschender Weise am wenigsten fortgeschritten. Nach Beschreibung von F and E Vorhaben, die auf dem Prinzip der traditionellen Vergasung aufbauen, wird ein neuer Verfahrensvorschlag zur Wasserspaltung unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen vorgestellt. Abschliessend wird der Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf diskutiert. (orig.)Source
Nov 2000; 66 p; ISSN 0947-8620; 
; Available from TIB Hannover: ZA 5141(6556)
; Available from TIB Hannover: ZA 5141(6556)
[en] A model for a solar-hydrogen energy system for Egypt has been developed by obtaining relationships for and between the main energy and energy related parameters. The magnitude and trends of the parameters, with and without hydrogen introduction, have been investigated over a period of time. The results indicate that the fossil fuel resources in Egypt could be exhausted within one to two decades. They also indicate that adopting the solar-hydrogen energy system would extend the availability of fossil fuel resources, reduce pollution, and establish a permanent energy system for Egypt. They show that Egypt could become an exporter of hydrogen. (author)
Journal
[en] The demand for hydrogen in refineries continues to increase and is expected to do so for the foreseeable future. Growth stems from the more stringent environmental demands on diesel and light fuel oils and increased 'bottom of the barrel' processing for improved gasoline yield. There exists a real potential for savings to be made by obtaining hydrogen at the lowest possible cost. The various sources of hydrogen are mentioned briefly but the key to selection of source lies in the application. This article lists three criteria for selection of the most appropriate source, they are: product purity, feed pressure and product recovery. The article is written under the sub-headings of (i) hydrogen management, (ii) hydrogen consumers, (iii) hydrogen producers, (iv) technology for hydrogen separation, (v) technology selection guide, (vi) hydrogen recovery technology, (vii) hydrogen production and (viii) hybrids of hydrogen recovery process technologies. (UK)
Journal
International Journal of Hydrocarbon Engineering; ISSN 1364-3177; ; v. 4(4); p. 71-75
; v. 4(4); p. 71-75
[en] As interest in the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier grows, it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of a market-based approach to its introduction. While there will always be niche markets in which it makes sense to employ what is currently a comparatively expensive form of energy storage and delivery, this will not enable the sort of large-scale penetration that will allow for economies of mass-manufacture to bring the cost of hydrogen down. In addition, energy markets are becoming increasingly liberalised, and because of this it is important to understand the sort of market pressures that are arising where none have existed before. These pressures may actually lead to opportunities for hydrogen in energy storage and for use in power generation and transport fuel modes, and allow market penetration to occur more rapidly than might be the case in a centralised energy structure. In the liberalised energy market within the UK, for example, there are two areas of potentially major growth in hydrogen production and consumption: energy storage for renewable generators; and backup systems at weak electricity grid links. The first of these is due, in part, to potential changes in regulation governing the way that electricity is sold into the market, while the second is dependent more on an increasingly congested electricity grid and the high costs of building supplementary infrastructure. In both cases there is potential for the early use of hydrogen energy systems in an economically competitive environment. (author)
Source
Bose, T.K.; Benard, P. (eds.); 832 p; ISBN 0-9696869-5-1; ; May 2000; p. 122-129; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; 9 refs., 1 fig.
; May 2000; p. 122-129; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; 9 refs., 1 fig.
[en] Multiple gliding electric discharges (GlidArc) are used to demonstrate new methods of Hydrogen production from light natural hydrocarbons (like natural gas), any CH4/CO2 mixtures (like biogas), CO-containing gases (like coke gas) or waste acid gases containing H2S. These non-equilibrium discharges act as an enthalpy and/or catalytic activation source. Examples of the pyrolysis of natural gas, its partial oxidation or steam reforming to synthesis gas (H2 + CO), biogas conversion into synthesis gas, steam conversion (shift) of CO, and H2S dissociation are shown. Tests and more systematic studies were performed using large laboratory scale reactors working up to 6 bar and containing 2, 3 or 6 knife-shaped electrodes connected to high-voltage supplies (up to 2 kW power level). Reactor walls were kept cold or allowed to reach up to 1000oC. Ambient or preheated reactants were supplied at up to 2m3(n)/h flow rate. Conversion rate and specific energy required for Hydrogen production are deduced from energy, flow rate and gas analyses. (author)
Source
Bose, T.K.; Benard, P. (eds.); 832 p; ISBN 0-9696869-5-1; ; May 2000; p. 142-147; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; 14 refs., 1 tab., 2 figs.
; May 2000; p. 142-147; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; 14 refs., 1 tab., 2 figs.
No abstract available
Source
Bose, T.K.; Benard, P. (eds.); 832 p; ISBN 0-9696869-5-1; ; May 2000; p. 203; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; Short communication.
; May 2000; p. 203; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; Short communication.
[en] Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells are attractive for man-portable power sources as replacements for diesel gensets and batteries due to their competitive weight and volume, their ability to respond rapidly to changes in load, their low noise and emissions and their ability to satisfy the requirements of high energy intensity applications. For military applications, the fit is even more attractive due to their low heat signature, low maintenance and high reliability. For the past few years, Hydrogenics Corporation has devoted part of its efforts to the development of ambient-air PEM fuel cell systems (15 - 10000 W) for portable, stationary and remote applications in all environments. This paper describes the system characteristics of a Hydrogenics 2.3 kW (net) field deployable PEM fuel cell stack for military applications. The system is integrated with a modular metal hydride fuel storage unit (hydrogen storage - 2.3 kWh electric per module) of which any number can easily be plugged into the fuel cell system to cover a wide array of mission specific energy requirements. Minimal parasitic load is the main design principle behind Hydrogenics' fuel cell systems because this encompasses low component count, which translates into high efficiency, high reliability and reduced maintenance. Design considerations for the main components, control system and system integration will be discussed in addition to cost, performance and other characteristics of the Hydrogenics system as compared to other commercial alternatives including diesel generators and batteries for the same application profile. (author)
Source
Bose, T.K.; Benard, P. (eds.); 832 p; ISBN 0-9696869-5-1; ; May 2000; p. 240-252; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; 3 refs., 5 tabs., 5 figs., 1 chart.
; May 2000; p. 240-252; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; 3 refs., 5 tabs., 5 figs., 1 chart.
No abstract available
Source
Bose, T.K.; Benard, P. (eds.); 832 p; ISBN 0-9696869-5-1; ; May 2000; p. 295-300; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; Short communication. Slide presentation only.
; May 2000; p. 295-300; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; Short communication. Slide presentation only.
No abstract available
Source
Bose, T.K.; Benard, P. (eds.); 832 p; ISBN 0-9696869-5-1; ; May 2000; p. 311-318; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; Short communication. Slide presentation only.
; May 2000; p. 311-318; 10. Canadian Hydrogen Conference; Quebec, Quebec (Canada); 28-31 May 2000; Available from Institut de recherche sur l'hydrogene, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, P.O. Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7; Short communication. Slide presentation only.
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