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[en] A parallel-plate spark counter consisting of an eight-gap array of coaxial cylinders surrounding a two-liter liquid hydrogen target is nearing completion. An optical system with some unusual features has been devised to permit a direct measurement of particle trajectories in cylindrical coordinates. The essential design features and test results are given. (author)
[fr]
Les auteurs sont sur le point de terminer la construction d'un compteur a etincelles a plaques paralleles, qui se compose d'un ensemble de cylindres coaxiaux a huit intervalles entourant une cible composee de deux litres d'hydrogene liquide. Ils ont mis au point un appareil optique, comportant certains dispositifs tout a fait speciaux, qui permet de mesurer directement les trajectoires des particules en coordonnees cylindriques. Le memoire indique les principales caracteristiques de l'appareillage et donne les resultats des essais. (author)[es]
Se esta terminando de construir un contador de chispa de placas paralelas; consiste en ocho cilindros coaxiales que rodean a un blanco de dos litros de hidrogeno liquido. Se ha ideado un sistema optico con ciertas caracteristicas poco comunes que permitira medir directamente trayectorias de particulas en sistemas de coordenadas cilindricas. Los autores expondran los detalles fundamentales del diseno y los resultados de los ensayos del instrumento. (author)[ru]
Zavershaetsya sozdanie iskrovogo schetchika s parallel'nymi plastinami, sostoyashchego iz vos'mizazornoj sistemy koaksial'nykh tsilindrov, okruzhayushchikh mishen' iz zhidkogo vodoroda obemom v 2 litra. Byla izobretena opticheskaya sistema s nekotorymi neobychnymi detalyami dlya neposredstvennogo izmereniya traektorij chastits v tsilindricheskikh koordinatakh. BUDUT predstavleny sushchestvennye osobennosti proekta i rezul'taty ispytanij. (author)Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 611 p; Apr 1962; p. 261; Conference on Nuclear Electronics; Belgrade, Yugoslavia (Serbia); 15-20 May 1961; ISSN 0074-1884; 
[en] After a survey of the present state of development of methods for the absolute measurement of the activity (decay rate) of radioactive substances, the measurement of radioactivity in gases (internal gas counting) is treated in more detail. In particular, methods for finding and correcting mistakes which arise in this method of measuring are suggested. The absolute accuracy of measurements obtained by the isotope laboratory with the correction methods referred to is at present about 2%; it should be further improved in the near future. (author)
[fr]
Apres avoir passe en revue la situation actuelle de la metrologie en ce qui concerne la mesure absolue de l'activite (taux de desintegration) des substances radioactives, l'auteur etudie plus en detail la mesure de la radio- activite des gaz (internal gas counting). Il propose notamment des methodes pour determiner et corriger les erreurs qui se produisent lors de l'application de ce procede. La precision des mesures absolues que le laboratoire des isotopes a pu obtenir au moyen de ces corrections est actuellement d'environ 2%; on espere arriver d'ici peu a une precision encore plus elevee. (author)[es]
Despues de pasar revista al estado actual de los metodos de medicion absoluta de la actividad (velocidad de desintegracion) de las sustancias radiactivas, el autor estudia en detalle la medicion de la radiactividad de los gases (internal gas counting). En particular, propone procedimientos para determinar y corregir los errores que se deslizan en este metodo de medicion. La precision lograda en laboratorio al aplicar las correcciones mencionadas es en la actualidad del dos por ciento, pero hay perspectivas de mejorarla en un futuro proximo. (author)[ru]
Dannye sovremennoj izmeritel'noj tekhniki po voprosam izmereniya absolyutnoj aktivnosti (skorost' raspada) radioaktivnykh veshchestv govoryat, chto izmerenoie radioaktivny kh gazov provoditsya bolee tshchatel'no. V chastnosti, predlagaetsya protsess izmereniya s tsel'yu obnaruzheniya i ispravleniya pogreshnostej, voznikayushchikh v khode izmereniya. Absolyutnaya tochnost' tekhniki ehtogo izmereniya dostigaetsya v radioizotopny kh laboratoriyakh posle ispravleniya pogreshnostej i sostavlyaet dva protsenta. V blizhajshee vremya tochnost' opredeleniya vozrastet. (author)Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 488 p; Jun 1960; p. 301-305; Symposium on Metrology of Radionuclides; Vienna (Austria); 14-16 Oct 1959; ISSN 0074-1884;
[en] I would like to discuss some approximations which may be significant in the domain of strong coupling in a field system analogous to quantum electrodynamics. The motivation of this work is the idea that the strong couplings and elementary particle spectrum may be the consequence of the dynamics of a system whose underlying description is in terms of a set of Fermi fields gauge invariantly coupled to a single (''bare'') massless neutral vector field. The basis of this gauge invariance would of course be the exact conservation law of baryons or ''nucleonic charge''. It seems to me that a coupling scheme based on an invariance principle is most attractive if that invariance is an exact one. It would then be nice to try to account for the approximate invariance principles in the same way one would describe ''accidental degeneracies'' in any quantum system.
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 650 p; Jan 1963; p. 135-143; Seminar on Theoretical Physics; Trieste (Italy); 16 Jul - 25 Aug 1962; ISSN 0074-1884;
[en] The general topic of this paper is the vector theory of gauge fields, but I like to think that these lectures are really concerned with the future of the relativistic field theory as an effective force in the development of fundamental physics. Two basic positions are at present under investigation as the possible organizing forces for the rapidly growing empirical data on elementary particles. To put it as extremely as possible, we might call these two positions: (i) The particle point of view, (ii) The field point of view. By the particle point of view,I mean those investigations in which the physical particles, as we see them, are the basic elements. This is the whole line of development associated with the S-matrix, with the idea that the only function of the theory is to compute and to correlate the results of scattering measurements. It also underlies those further attempts intended to give a physical content to this essentially empty framework, such as dispersion relations, Regge poles, etc. And, to adopt this point of view systematically, one must necessarily accept the Orwellian philosophy that no particle is more fundamental than any other. That is the strict particle point of view; the particles are unanalysable. To our mind it is an extremely conservative position.
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 650 p; Jan 1963; p. 89-134; Seminar on Theoretical Physics; Trieste (Italy); 16 Jul - 25 Aug 1962; ISSN 0074-1884;
[en] Asignificant amount of operating experience has now been accumulated by boiling-water-reactor power plants. By the end of 1962, over 2200 million kWh of electricity have been generated by three plants operating on utility.system - Dresden Nuclear Power Station, Commonwealth Edison Company, Morris, Illinois; Vallecitos Atomic Power Plant, Pacific Gas and Electric Company and General Electric Company, Pleasanton, California; and Kahl Nuclear Power Station, Rheinisch Westfaelisches Elektrizitaetswerk and Bayernwerk, Kahl-am-Main, West Germany. Boiling-water-reactor power-plant performance, under routine electric-utility operating conditions, has been excellent. Reactor and plant availability and capacity factor provide a sound basis for anticipation of continuing reliable performance from boiling-water-reactor power stations. During 1963, four additional boiling-water-reactor plants will begin power operation: Big Rock Point Nuclear Plant, Consumers Power Company, Charlevoix, Michigan; Humboldt Bay Plant Nuclear Unit, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Eureka, California; Garigliano Nuclear Power Station, Societa Elettronucleare Nazionale, Scauri, Italy; and Japan Power Demonstration Reactor, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai Mura, Japan. The start-up and initial operation of these plants confirms the expectation of reliable performance established by Dresden, Kahl, and Vallecitos. Performance records of Dresden, Kahl and Vallecitos have clearly proved the stability and safety of boiling-water reactors. Additionally, radiation levels within the plant and in the environs have been significantly below limits established by operating licences. Simplicity and ease of operation of boiling-water reactors has been confirmed. Load following characteristics of the Dresden dual-cycle boiling-water reactor have been excellent. Major and minor maintenance and repair work can be accomplished by ordinary craft unions, and without undue hardship or time limits caused by radioactivity exposure considerations. Recent full-scale inspection and overhaul of the Dresden turbine provided no maintenance problems, after over 12 000 h of operation on direct-cycle steam and after operation with known failed fuel elements in the reactor. (author)
[fr]
On a maintenant acquis une experience appreciable dans l'exploitation des centrales equipees de reacteurs a eau bouillante. Vers la fin de 1962, on avait produit plus de 2,2.109 kWh dans trois centrales nucleaires rattachees a des reseaux de distribution: la centrale de Dresden (Commonwealth Edison Company, Morris, Illinois), la centrale de Vallecitos (Pacific Gas and Electric Company and General Electric Company, Pleasanton, Californie) et la centrale de Kahl (Rheinish-Westfaiisches Elektrizitatswerk et Bayemwerk, a Kahl-sur-le-Main, Republique federale d'Allemagne). Le rendement de ces reacteurs a eau bouillante, exploites dans les conditions normales de production d'electricite, est excellent. On peut donc s'attendre que les centrales a eau bouillante continueront d'etre sures, etant donne le facteur de disponibilite et le facteur de puissance des reacteurs et des installations de ce type. Au cours de 1963, quatre nouvelles centrales equipees de reacteurs a eau bouillante entreront en service: la centrale de Big Rock Point (Consumers Power Company, Charlevoix, Michigan), la centrale de Humboldt Bay (Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Eureka, Californie), la centrale de Garigliano (Societa Elettronucleare Nazionale, Scauri, Italie) et la centrale de demonstration japonaise (Institut de recherches nucleaires du Japon, Tokai Mura, Japon). Les resultats obtenus lors du demarrage et pendant le fonctionnement initial de ces installations confirment les espoirs suscites par les centrales de Dresden, Kahl et Vallecitos. Les journaux de marche des centrales de Dresden, Kahl et Vallecitos mettent en evidence la stabilite et la securite des reacteurs a eau bouillante. De plus, les niveaux de rayonnements dans la centrale et aux alentours restent nettement au-dessous des limites fixees par les permis d'exploitation. La simplicite et la facilite d'exploitation des reacteurs a eau bouillante se sont confirmees. La rapidite de reponse du reacteur de Dresden aux variations de la demande est excellente. Aucun des travaux d'entretien et de reparation, quelle que soit leur importance, n'exige de qualification speciale ni ne comporte de risques de radioexposition excessifs. L'inspection generale et la revision de la turbine de la centrale de Dresden n'ont revele aucun probleme d'entretien apres 12 000 h de fonctionnement avec la vapeur en cycle direct. Or, on avait continue l'exploitation apres avoir constate que des cartouches de combustible etaient deteriorees. (author)[es]
El autor sefiala que la experiencia adquirida con la explotacion de centrales nucleoeleonicas que utilizan reactores de agua hirviente es ya bastante considerable. En efecto, al finalizar el aflo 1962 se habian generado mas de 2,2.109 kWh en tres centrales nucleoelectricas integradas en redes de distribucion: la central nucleoelectrica de Dresden (Commonwealth Edison Company, Moriis, Illinois), la central nucleoelectrica de Vallecitos (Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Pleasanton, California) y la central nucleoelectrica de Kahl (Reinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk y Bayernwerk A.G., Kahl-am-Main, Republica Federal de Alemania). El rendimiento de estas centrales explotadas en condiciones normales de produccion de electricidad es excelente. Los factores de disponibilidad y de capacidad de los reactores y de las plantas constituyen una base firme para prever que las centrales nucleoelectricas dotadas de reactores de agua hirviente funcionaran a regimen continuo en condiciones de seguridad. En 1963 entraran en servicio cuatro nuevas centrales equipadas con reactores de agua hirviente: la central nucleoelectrica de Big Rock Point (Consumere Power Company, Charlevoix, Michigan), la central nucleoelectrica de Humboldt Bay (Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Eureka, California), la central nucleoelectrica de Garigliano (Societa Elettronucleare Nazionale, Scauri, Italia), y el reactor de potencia japones para fines de demostracion (Instituto de Investigaciones Nucleares, Tokai Mura, Japon). La puesta en marcha y el funcionamiento inicial de estas centrales confirma las esperanzas despertadas por las centrales de Dresden, Kahl y Vallecitos. Los registros de rendimiento de las centrales de Dresden, Kahl y Vallecitos han puesto claramente de manifiesto la estabilidad y seguridad de los reactores de agua hirviente. Ademas, los niveles de radiacion dentro de la central y en sus alrededores se han mantenido muy por debajo de los limites fijados en los permisos de explotacion. Ha quedado confirmada la sencillez y facilidad de explotacion de los reactores de agua hirviente. La rapidez de la respuesta del reactor con doble ciclo de Dresden a las fluctuaciones de la demanda es excelente. Ninguno de los trabajos de conservacion y reparacion, sea cual fuere su importancia, exige calificaciones especiales ni entrana riesgos de irradiacion excesivos. La inspeccion general y la revision de la turbina de la central de Dresden puso de manifiesto la inexistencia de problemas de conservacion despues de mas de 12 000 h de funcionamiento con el vapor en ciclo directo, a pesar de que la explotacion prosiguio despues de haberse comDtobado algunas fallas en los elementos combustibles. (author)[ru]
K nastoyashchemu vremeni priobreten znachitel'nyj opyt v ehkspluatatsii ehlektrostantsij s kipyashchim reaktorom. K kontsu 1962 goda proizvedeno svyshe 2200 mln.kvt.ch ehlektroehnergii na trekh ehlektrostantsiyakh ehnergosistemy kommunal'nogo obsluzhivaniyagna Drezdenskoj atomnoj ehlektrostantsii, ''Kommonvels Ehdison kompani'', Morris, Illinojs, na atomnoj ehlektrostantsii Valleeitos,''Pasifik gaz ehnd ehlektrik kompani'', Plezanton, Kaliforniya, i na Kal'skoj atomnoj ehlektrostantsii, ''Rejnish vestfalishes ehlektritsitetsverk und bajernverk'', Kal'-na-Majne, Zapadnaya Germaniya. Rabochaya kharakteristika kipyashchego reaktora atomnoj ehlektrostantsii pri obychnom rezhime raboty v kommunal'noj ehnergosisteme ochen' khoroshaya. Koehffitsient ispol'zovaniya i moshchnosti reaktora i ehlektrostantsii daet tverdoe osnovanie polagat', chto ehlektrostantsii s kipyashchimi reaktorami yavlyayutsya nadezhnymi s tochki zreniya ikh rabochej kharakteristiki. V techenie 1963 goda budut vvedeny v stroj chetyre dopolnitel'nye ehlektrostantsii s kipyashchimi reaktorami: atomnaya ehlektrostantsiya v Big Rok Pojnt, ''Kons'yumers pauehr kompani'', Sharl'vua, Michigan, atomnaya ehnergeticheskaya ustanovka v KHamboldt Bej, ''Pasifik gaz ehnd ehlektrik kompani'', Yurika, Kaliforniya, atomnaya ehlektrostantsiya v Garig'yano, Natsional'noe obshchestvo po atomnoj ehnergii, Skauri, Italiya,i Yaponskij demonstratsionnyj ehnergeticheskij reaktor. Yaponskij nauchno-issledovatel'skij institut po atomnoj ehnergii, Tokai-Mura, Yaponiya. Pusk i pervonachal'naya ehkspluatatsiya ehtikh ehlektrostantsij podtverzhdayut predpolozhenie o nadezhnosti ikh raboty, chto uzhe prodemonstrirovano atomnymi ehlektrostantsiyami v Drezdene, Kale i Vallesitose. Rabochaya kharakteristika atomnykh ehlektrostantsij v Drezdene, Kale i Vallesitose yavlyaetsya naglyadnym dokazatel'stvom stabil'nosti i bezopasnosti kipyashikh reaktorov. Krome togo, urovni radiatsii na samoj ehlektrostantsii i v okruzhayushchej srede znachitel'no nizhe predelov, ustanovlennykh litsenziyami na ehkspluatatsiyu. Podtverdilis' prostota i legkost' ehkspluatatsii kipyashchikh reaktorov. Kharakteristika kontrolya za nagruzkoj u kipyashchego reaktora s dvojnym tsiklom Drezdenskoj ehlektrostantsii okazalas' ochen' khoroshej. Krupnye i nebol'shie raboty po ukhodu i remontu mogut osushchestvlyat'sya obychnymi remontnymi gruppami bez vrednykh posledstvij ili bez limita vremeni, svyazannymi s soobrazheniyami radioaktivnogo oblucheniya. V rezul'tate provedennykh nedavno polnoj inspektsii i kapital'nogo remonta turbiny Drezdenskoj ehlektrostantsii ne obnaruzheno nikakikh remontnykh problem kak posle bolee 12 000-chasovoj ehkspluatatsii s pryamym parovym tsiklom, tak i posle ehkspluatatsii s zavedomo neispravnymi toplivnymi ehlementami v reaktore. (author)Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 540 p; Oct 1963; p. 27-33; Conference on Operating Experience with Power Reactors; Vienna (Austria); 4-8 Jun 1963; ISSN 0074-1884;
[en] One of the means used by the Commission of EURATOM to promote the development of a European nuclear industry is a programme of ''Community participation'', under which the Commission will participate in power reactor construction up to a total expenditure of 32 million European Monetary Agreement units of account. The return for this will be the acquisition of information on the design, construction, start-up and operation of such reactors. So far, proposals from three companies have resulted in the signing of contracts. These companies are: (a) The Societa Elettronucleare Nazionale (SENN), which is constructing a station of 150 MW(e) net in Italy, equipped with a double-cycle boiling-water reactor; (b) The Societa Italiana Meridionale Energia Atomica (SIMEA), which has undertaken to construct a station f 200 MW(e) net in Italy, equipped with a natural uranium-graphite-CO2 reactor; (c) The Societe d'Energie Nucleaire Franco-Belge des Ardennes (SENA), which has undertaken to construct, on the French-Belgian border, a station which will be equipped with a pressurized-water reactor and whose output will reach, and probably exceed, 242 MW(e) net. Further, the Commission has been requested by the Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk - Bayernwerke (RWE-BW) group and the N.V. Samenwerkende Electriciteits-Productiebedrijve to take part in the construction o f two other power reactors - the first a 237 MW(e) double-cycle boiling-water reactor, and the second a 50 MW(e) single-cycle, natural-circulation boiling-water reactor. Community participation can take various forms, one of them being the sharing of any deficit that might result from the production of electricity by the stations during their first years of operation. The effect of EURATOM's participation has been to encourage the construction of some of these nuclear power stations. Moreover, it has resulted in the gathering of extremely useful information and w ill continue to do so in the years to come-years during which operating problems will become decisive for the development of atomic power. (author)
[fr]
L'un des moyens mis en oeuvre par la Commission de l'Euratom en vue d'assurer le developpement d'une industrie nucleaire europeenne est un programme dit de ''participation communautaire''. Ce programme permet a la Commission de participer a concurrence de 32 millions d'u.c. AME a des realisations dans le domaine des reacteurs de puissance. La contrepartie est l'acquisition des informations relatives a la conception, la construction, le demarrage et le fonctionnement de ces reacteurs. Jusqu'a present des propositions emanant de trois societes ont donne lieu a la signature de contrats. Il s'agit de: a) la Societa Elettronucleare Nazionale (SENN) qui fait construire en Italie une centrale de 150 MW(e) nets equipee d'un reacteur a eau bouillante a double cycle; b) la Societa Italiana Meridionale Energia Atomica (SIMEA) qui a entrepris en Italie la construction d'une centrale de 200 MW(e) nets equipee d'un reacteur du type uranium naturel-graphite-gaz carbonique; c) la Societe d'Energie Nucleaire Franco-Belge des Ardennes (SENA) qui a entrepris a la frontiere franco-belge la construction d'une centrale equipee d'un reacteur a eau pressurisee d'une puissance qui pourra atteindre et probablement depasser 242 MW(e) nets. En outre, la Commission a e te saisie de demandes de participation a deux autres reacteurs de puissance presentees respectivement par le Groupement Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektiizitatswerk-Bayernwerke (RWE-BW), et par la N.V. Samenwerkende Electriciteits-Productiebedrijve; la premiere pour un reacteur de 237 MW(e) a eau bouillante a double cycle, la seconde pour un reacteur de 50 MW(e) a eau bouillante a simple cyc le et circulation naturelle. La participation communautaire peut prendre des formes diverses. Elle peut en particulier prendre celle d'une participation au deficit eventuel de la production d'electricite des centrales pendant les premieres annees de leur utilisation. Cette participation de l'Euratom a eu pour effet d'encourager la construction de certaines de ces centrales nucleaires. Elle a permis en outre et permettra encore d'acquerir des informations extremement utiles au cours des annees qui viennent, annees au cours desquelles les problemes de fonctionnement se poseront d'une facon decisive pour le developpement de l'energie atomique. (author)[es]
Para fomentar e l desarrollo de una industria nuclear europea, la Comision de la EURATOM utiliza, entre otros medios, su programa de ''participacion mancomunada'', que le permite cooperar con aportaciones de 32 millones de unidades de cuenta AME como maximo, en la construccion y explotacion de reactores de potencia. Como contrapartida, obtiene informaciones sobre el diseno, la construccion, la puesta en marcha y el funcionamiento de esos reactores. Hasta hoy la Comision ha firmado contratos con tres empresas: a) la Societa Elettronucleare Nazionale (SENN), que hace construir en Italia una central de 150 MW(e) netos equipada con un reactor de agua hirviente de ciclo doble; b) la Societa Italiana Meridionale Energia Atomica (SIMEA), que ha emprendido en Italia la construccion de una central de 200 MW(e) netos equipada con un reactor de uranio natural-grafito-anhidrido carbonico; c) la Societe d'Energie Nucleaire Franco-Belge des Ardennes (SENA), que ha emprendido en la frontera franco-belga la construccion de una central equipada con un reactor de agua a presion que podra alcanzar - y probablemente superar - una potencia neta de 242 MW(e). La Comision ha recibido, ademas, una solicitud del grupo Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitetswerk- Bayernwerke (RWE-BW) y otra de la N.V. Samenwerkende Electriciteits-Productiebedrijven para participar en la construccion y explotacion de otros dos reactores de potencia: la primera se refiere a un reactor de 237 MW(e) de agua hirviente y de ciclo doble, y la segunda a un reactor de 50 MW(e) de agua hirviente, de ciclo simple y circulacion natural. La participacion mancomunada puede revestir diversas formas. Una de las principales consiste en contribuir a enjugar el deficit que puede producirse en las centrales nucleoelectricas durante los primeros anos de su explotacion. Esta participacion de la EURATOM ha alentado la construccion de algunas centrales nucleoelectricas; ha permitido ademas, y permitira aun, reunir informaciones que seran de suma utilidad en los proximos afios, durante los cuales los problemas que plantea el funcionamiento de los reactores seran decisivos para el desarrollo de la energia atomica. (author)[ru]
Odnim iz sredstv, primenyaemykh Komissiej Evratoma v tselyakh obespecheniya razvitiya evropejskoj yadernoj promyshlennosti, yavlyaetsya programma, imenuemaya ''uchastie v soobshchestve''. Ehta programma pozvolyaet Komissii prinyat' uchastie v predelakh obshchikh raskhodov v summe 32 mln. raschetnykh edenits po evropejskoj sisteme v toj oblasti, kotoraya otnositsya k ehnergeticheskim reaktoram. V obmen predostavlyaetsya informatsiya o konstruktsii i poryadke ehkspluatatsii ehtikh reaktorov. Postupivshie do poslednego vremeni ot trekh obshchestv predlozheniya pozvolili podpisat' kontrakt. Obshchestva sleduyushchie: a) Natsional'noe obshchestvo po atomnoj ehnergii (SENN), kotoroe vedet v Italii stroitel'stvo ehlektrostantsii na 150 mgvt (ehl) netto s kipyashchim reaktorom s dvojnym tsiklom; b) Yuzhnoe ital'yanskoe obshchestvo po atomnoj ehnergii (SIMEA), kotoroe zanyato v Italii stroitel'stvom ehlektrostantsii na 200 mgvt (ehl) netto s uranovo-grafitovym reaktorom s uglekislym gazom v kachestve teplonositelya; c) Franko-bel'gijskoe obshchestvo po yadernoj ehnergii Ardenn (SENA), kotoroe predprinyalo na franko-bel'gijskoj granitse stroitel'stvo ehlektrostantsii s vodyanym reaktorom pod davleniem. Ozhidaetsya, chto stantsiya smozhet dostich' i, veroyatno, prevzojti moshchnost' v 242 mgvt (ehl) netto. Krome togo, Komissiya raspolagaet zaprosami ob uchastii v razrabotke dvukh ehnergeticheskikh reaktorov. Ehti zaprosy byli predstavleny sootvetstvenno Ob''edineniem Rheinisch-Westffllischee Elektrizitfltswerk - Bayernwerke (RWE-BW) N.V. Samenwerkende Electriciteits -Productiebedriyve. Pervyj zapros kasaetsya kipyashchego reaktora s dvojnym tsiklom moshchnost'yu v 237 mgvt ehl), vtoroj - kipyashchego reaktora s pryamym tsiklom i estestvennoj tsirkulyatsiej moshchnost'yu v 50 mgvt (ehl). Sovmestnoe uchastie mozhet prinimat' razlichnye formy. Ono mozhet, v chastnosti, vylit'sya v uchastie pri pokrytii veroyatnogo defitsita pri proizvodstve ehlektroehnergii na ehlektrostantsiyakh v techenie pervykh let ikh ehkspluatatsii. Takoe uchastie Evratoma imelo tsel'yu pooshchrit' stroitel'stvo nekotorykh iz ehtikh atomnykh ehlektrostantsij. K tomu zhe ono pozvolit i v dal'nejshem poluchat' chrezvychajno poleznuyu informatsiyu v posleduyushchie gody, kogda problemy predstoyashchej deyatel'nosti v oblasti razvitiya atomnoj ehnergii vstanut so vsej ochevidnost'yu. (author)Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 428 p; Oct 1963; p. 369-373; Conference on Operating Experience with Power Reactors; Vienna (Austria); 4-8 Jun 1963; ISSN 0074-1884;
[en] The paper describes a transistorized device for transmitting from one of the ONERA's four-stage ANTARES rockets the pulse spectrum obtained from a γ scintillation detector. The transmitting unit itself is not described, but it is a 100-MHz transmitter, equipped with five sub-carriers with a pass-band of 400 Hz. The width of the pulses at the input of the device is about 5 μs and their mean frequency is variable between 0 and 20000 cps. Their distribution with respect to time is Gaussian. Preliminary sampling is therefore desirable, followed by expansion of the pulse width to 10 ms. The different parts of the equipment are described: amplitude-time and time-amplitude converters, linear gate, distributors operating at ± 2% from 25oC to 65oC. The ancillary circuits are also dealt with: amplifiers, scalers and stabilized power units (low voltage and extra high voltage for a photomultiplier). (author)
[fr]
Les auteurs decrivent un dispositif transistorise destine a transmettre, depuis une fusee quatre etages ANTARES de l'ONERA, le spectre des impulsions delivre par un detecteur γ a scintillations. L'ensemble transmetteur proprement dit n'est pas decrit; il s'agit d'un emetteur 100 MHz a cinq sous-porteuses de bande passante 400 Hz. Les impulsions a l'entree du dispositif ont environ une duree de 5 μs et une frequence moyenne variable de 0 a 20000 cps. Leur distribution dans le temps est gaussienne. Il convient donc de faire un echantillonnage prealable, suivi d'un allongement de l'impulsion jusqu'a 10 ms. Les auteurs decrivent les differents elements: convertisseurs amplitude-temps et temps-amplitude, porte lineaire, distributeurs fonctionnant a ± 2% de 25oC a 65oC. Ils abordent egalement les circuits annexes: amplificateurs, echelles de comptage et alimentations stabilisees (basse tension et tres haute tension pour photomultiplicateur). (author)[es]
La memoria describe un dispositivo transistorizado destinado a transmitir el espectro de los impulsos generados por un contador de centelleo γ desde un cohete ANTARES del ONERA, de cuatro etapas de propulsion. No describe la emisora propiamente dicha, que funciona a 100 MHz, con cinco subportadoras de 400 Hz de ancho de banda. Los impulsos de entrada del dispositivo tienen una duracion aproximada de 5 μs y una frecuencia media variable entre 0 y 20000 cps. Su distribucion en el tiempo es gaussiana. Por lo tanto, es conveniente efectuar una toma de muestras previa alargando seguidamente el impulso hasta 10 ms. El autor describe los diversos elementos : convertidores de amplitud-tiempo y tiempo-amplitud, puerta lineal y distribuidores que funcionan a ± 2% entre 25 y 65oC. Se refiere tambien a los circuitos auxiliares: amplificadores, escalas de contaje y fuentes de alimentacion estabilizadas (baja tension y tension muy alta para los fotomultiplicadores). (author)[ru]
Opisyvaetsya tranzistornaya ustanovka, prednaznachennaya dlya peredachi s chetyrekhstupenchatoj rakety ANTAR spektra impul'sov, peredavaemykh stsintillyatsionnym gammadetektorom. Kompleks samogo peredatchika ne opisyvaetsya, a daetsya tol'ko opisanie peredatchika moshchnost'yu v 100 megagerts s pyat'yu podnesushchimi diapazonami, prevyshayushchimi 400 gerts. Impul'sy v nachale ustanovki imeyut dlitel'nost' okolo pyati μs i srednyuyu chastotu, koleblyushchuyusya ot 0 do 20 tys. udarov v sekundu. Poehtomu sleduet proizvesti predvaritel'nyj otbor proby, za kotorym posleduet udlinenie impul'sa do 10 μs. Opisany razlichnye ehlementy: preobrazovateli amplituda-vremya i vremyaamplituda, linejnaya skhema propuskaniya, raspredeliteli, dejstvuyushchie s tochnost'yu ±2% ot 25oC do 65oC. Opisany takzhe dobavochnye skhemy: usiliteli, pereschetnye ustrojstva, pitanie ot stabilizirovannogo istochnika (nizkoe i ochen' vysokoe napryazhenie dlya fotoumnozhitelya). (author)Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 544 p; Apr 1962; p. 275-285; Conference on Nuclear Electronics; Belgrade, Yugoslavia (Serbia); 15-20 May 1961; ISSN 0074-1884; ; 10 figs
; 10 figs
[en] It has been recently pointed out by PAIS that the use of the octonions (Cayley numbers) for the description of the baryonic and mesonic fields leads to the interaction with the 7-dimensional orthogonal symmetry (0_7) proposed a few years ago and which is called G_- by Pais. Although this ''super-global'' interaction has too many symmetries, thus leading to some unwanted selection rules as well as all the needed ones, it may be present as part of the strong interactions and may play some role in weak interactions. This paper will consider properties of the octonion algebra, its relation to the G_- interaction and some useful tricks in playing with doublet symmetry.
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 650 p; Jan 1963; p. 251-264; Seminar on Theoretical Physics; Trieste (Italy); 16 Jul - 25 Aug 1962; ISSN 0074-1884; ; 5 refs.
; 5 refs.
[en] One of the last few years’ most important developments in theoretical physics is the recognition that it is useful to extend to complex numbers the definition domain of intrinsically real variables, such as energy or angular momentum. This leads one to review many subjects which were considered to be closed. It should not have surprised me, therefore, when Dr. Salam asked me to report, at this seminar, on equations for elementary particles which are not believed to exist in nature, such as particles with imaginary mass. Even though the equations which describe such particles will play no role in the theory as long as the variables such as energy or angular momentum have physically meaningful values, that is, as long as they are real, they may play a significant role when the definition domain of these variables is extended.
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 650 p; Jan 1963; p. 59-82; Seminar on Theoretical Physics; Trieste (Italy); 16 Jul - 25 Aug 1962; ISSN 0074-1884; ; 3 figs.
; 3 figs.
[en] With the word vacuum a state shall be meant which is invariant under the inhomogeneous restricted Lorentz-group. The result of the following proof will be: If there are several vacua, the algebra a of field operators will be fully reducible. This means, speaking loosely, that you have as many invariant subspaces of the Hilbert space under a as you have vacuum-states. For simplicity, the following is written down only for a scalar field which may interact with itself. The proof is still correct if one has a manifold of fields, if one assumes that each of the fields commutes spacelike with itself and with each of the other fields of the manifold.
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 650 p; Jan 1963; p. 83-86; Seminar on Theoretical Physics; Trieste (Italy); 16 Jul - 25 Aug 1962; ISSN 0074-1884; ; 4 refs.
; 4 refs.
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