[en] The present study includes the following greenhouse gases (GHG): carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide but not all controlled by the Montreal protocol as chlorofluorocarbons and halogens. The estimation methods follow the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (IPCC, 1995) including 'bottom-up' approach and emission factors values. The aggregated GHG emissions as well as the anthropogenic emissions for 1990 are given in tables. Carbon dioxide had the biggest share with 65-68%, followed by methane (24-26%) and nitrous oxide (7.5%). The stationary combustion was the most important GHG emission source (64.2% of the total emissions), relatively small (in comparison to Western countries) was mobile combustion share (7.7%) followed by the emissions from industrial activities (6.6%). The analysis of the total GHG emissions and of those per capita showed a general tendency for reduction

[en] This EIS identifies the impacts of past, current, and potential programs of the DOE/NV. Potential programs are included in one or more of the four alternatives and fall into three basic levels: (1) current activities, (2) planned projects, and (3) proposed projects. Current activities are those that are presently part of the normal operations of the NTS, the Tonopah test Range, portions of the NAFR Complex, and other areas considered in this EIS, such as the Area 5 Radioactive Waste management Site. Planned projects are those that are within the 5-year planning cycle and are likely to be implemented, such as the Solar Enterprise Zone. Proposed projects are outside the 5-year planning window, but have undergone sufficient conceptual development to allow a reasonable assessment. The most reliable data are clearly derived from ongoing activities. Planned projects would present somewhat less reliable data. Data for proposed projects would be the least reliable, but were determined to be essential to a full and open evaluation and disclosure of the potential effects of the alternatives. To provide an adequate analysis, conservative assumptions and parameter values were used to evaluate potential impacts of the less-defined activities. Implementation of any of the alternatives could result in a permanent commitment of resources such as groundwater, soil, biota, minerals, surface area, and subsurface geology and would represent an irreversible and irretrievable commitment of such resources. In addition to the National Environmental Policy Act requirement to identify the irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources, it is also the intent of the DOE to identify these same resources within the meaning of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

[en] The paper very briefly discusses a portion of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Emission Standards For Hazardous Air Pollutants. Subpart 1 of 40 CFR Part 61, which applies to air emissions of radionuclides from facilities licensed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Agency (NRC) and certain Federal facilities, is outlined. Efforts by the NRC to avoid duplicative regulations are described. The NRC has agreed to formally incorporate the 10 millirems per year goal of the EPA standard into its 10 CFR Part 20 standard as a constraint on the dose to the public resulting from air emissions; the EPA will rescind Subpart I following completion of the NRC rulemaking

[en] The Rad World computer-animated video and curriculum materials were developed through a grant from the Waste-management Education and Research Consortium. The package, which includes a computer-animated video, hands-on activities, and multidisciplinary lessons concerning radiation and hazardous-waste management, was created to approach these subjects in an informative, yet entertaining, manner. The lessons and video, designed to supplement studies of energy and physical science at the middle school and high school level, also implement quality and consistent science education as outlined by the New Mexico Science Standards and Benchmarks (1995). Consistent with the curriculum standards and benchmarks, the curriculum includes library research, collaborative learning, hands-on-science, and discovery learning. Pre- and post-tests are included

[en] The material is one of four review articles presented at Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity and Environment, Helsinki, Finland, 13-17 May 1991. The present impact and future prognosis of influence of power industry on global environment have been performed. The possibility of improvement by application of environment friendly technologies and energy sources have been discussed in respect to different countries and world regions. 14 refs, 12 figs, 9 tabs

[en] The purpose of this work is to examine the relationships between radiation dose-response models and associated regulations. The objective of radiation protection regulations is to protect workers and the public from harm resulting from excessive exposure to radiation. The regulations generally stipulate various levels of radiation dose rate to individuals or limit concentrations of radionuclides in releases to water or the atmosphere. The cleanup standards applied in remedial action for contaminated sites limit the concentrations of radionuclides in soil, groundwater, or structures, for release of sites to other uses. The guiding philosophy is that less is better and none is better yet. This has culminated with the concept of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). In fact, all regulations currently in place are arbitrarily based on the linear no-threshold hypothesis (LNTH) dose-response relationship. This concept came into use several decades ago and simply assumes that the incidence of health effects observed at a high dose or high dose rate will decrease linearly with dose or dose rate all the way down to zero, with no threshold level. Subsequent data have accumulated and continue to accumulate, demonstrating that there is a threshold level for net damage and, further, that there is a net benefit (radiation hormesis) at levels below the threshold level. It is concluded that recognition of the validity of a threshold model can be done on the basis of presently known data and that changes in regulations should be started at this time to avoid further unnecessary losses due to continued excessive regulation. As results from new research come in, refinement of interim values proposed in revised regulations can be incorporated

[en] In this chapter the text of the Slovak Republic act about environment is included

[en] Since 1989 the Estonian Green Movement has had a working group on energy issues. This group has tried to influence the energy policy in Estonia towards sustainable development. But the process has been hard. Five years have passed since Estonia has started with taking on its shoulders international environmental obligations. Unfortunately, Estonia is one of the last countries in Europe still to join the obligation on transboundary pollution. A master plan on energy is now prepared in Estonia within the framework of PHARE programme, involving quite a few high level specialists from various institutions in Estonia and assisted by foreign specialists. But the energy sector has not been open to public discussion in Estonia up to now. It's very important not to lose from sight the environmental problems in connection with energy sector development plans. The Estonian Green Movement together with its umbrella organization, the Friends of the Earth Europe, have worked out a new energy strategy for Estonia, based on the concept of environmental space. This concept has been used by some countries already on working out the strategy for their economic progress. The limit values for a set of basic mineral resources and local fuels of Estonia have been calculated on the basis of environmental space and economic targets set for the year 2010

[en] The US Department of Energy (DOE) is beginning major environmental restoration projects of both active and inactive sites throughout the United States. IT Corporation, under the direction of the Office of Independent Cost Estimating (OICE) of DOE, developed a list of environmental problems at the sites and probable cleanup technologies and techniques which could be used. Some procedures were identified that were common to many or all cleanup projects. These included site characterization, remedial investigation (RI) and feasibility studies (FS). The purpose of this article was to provide insight into the activities associated with the RI/FS phase of environmental restoration projects for DOE. Costs have been provided for the activities which are suitable to use for budget and check estimates

[en] The traditional view holds that pollution prevention is good for energy conservation and vice versa. Analysis of pollution prevention and energy conservation activities indicates, however, that interactions and synergies between environmental and energy factors can mean that pollution prevention can be energy intensive and, conversely, that energy conservation can lead to increased pollution. Full cost accounting, taking into account all media, must be performed before precise pollution prevention-energy conservation interrelationships can be characterized and quantified. Use of a pollution prevention-energy conservation matrix can further this understanding