No abstract available

No abstract available

No abstract available

[en] The lecture gives a brief introduction into the physics of ionizing radiation. Besides explanations about the type and sources of ionizing radiation, their quantitative determination is briefly dealt with. Dose parameters and units are given as well as the various measuring methods. Finally, the interaction of radiation with matter is gone into which is the foundation of shielding. (ORU/LH)

[en] Ten years ago, on April 26, 1986 the most serious accident ever in the history of nuclear tgechnology worldwide happened in unit 4 of the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl in the Ukraine, this accident unveiling to the world at large that the Soviet reactor design lines are bearing unthought of safety engineering deficits. The dimensions of this reactor accident on site, and the radioactive fallout spreading far and wide to many countries in Europe, vividly nourished the concern of great parts of the population in the Western world about the safety of nuclear technology, and re-instigated debates about the risks involved and their justification. Now that ten years have elapsed since the accident, it is appropriate to strike a balance and analyse the situation today. The number of nuclear power plants operating worldwide has been growing in the last few years and this trend will continue, primarily due to developments in Asia. The Chernobyl reactor accident has pushed the international dimension of reactor safety to the foreground. Thus the Western world had reason enough to commit itself to enhancing the engineered safety of reactors in East Europe. The article analyses some of the major developments and activities to date and shows future perspectives. (orig.)

[en] Long-lived residual radioactivity ⁶³Ni produced by the (n,γ) reaction was detected for the first time from a steel plate sampled at near the hypocenter of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Nickel and cobalt were chemically separated and enriched from the steel sample. Low energy beta rays of ⁶³Ni were measured with a low-background liquid scintillation counter and gamma-rays of ⁶⁰Co were measured with a low background Ge detector. Specific activities were determined as 0.0063±0.0004 Bq mg^-1 for ⁶³Ni/Ni and 8.70±0.46 Bq mg^-1 for ⁶⁰Co/Co at the time of the bomb explosion. Comparisons with the calculated yield based on the current dosimetry system DS86 neutrons were also given. (orig.)

[en] General statements on the theory of environmental hygienic assessment in case of design, building and operation of national-economic units of various purposes including nuclear industrial plants are presented. Main theory elements are formulated and illustrated on the basis of international and national experience of rapidly developing radiation hygiene. Main principles regularities and values in corformity with which all the designs of any unit must be checked are substantiated. Recommendations on the control over public health in connection with environmental quality are given. 1 fig

[en] Vulnerability of agricultural systems to climatic changes caused by nuclear war and to other indirect consequences of such war is studied. Effect of machinery on agricultural productivity and effect of their loss or decrease resulted from nuclear war are discussed

[en] A 4yr. Nordic research program on reactor safety is described. The plan includes the subjects of nuclear wastes and nuclear waste disposal, radioecology, reactor safety and safety measures for abnormal radiation situations. The program will contribute to the Nordic countries' competance in this area so that they will better be able to evaluate safety measures in nuclear plants in other countries and to take remedial measures in cases where radiation leaks spread over their national boundaries. Knowledge gained will also prove significantly useful in relation to international agreements on information dissemination and assistance in the case of reactor accidents. (AB)

[en] By means of instrumental methods the central hemodynamics was investigated in 30 at random selected individuals, submitted to occupational external and internal exposure to ionizing radiations. Phase analysis of the heart systole was performed. Statistically reliable differences were found in the interphase indices, pointing out to disturbance of the left-ventricle contractivity. The changes were not directly related to the influence of the ionizing radiations upon the cardio-vascular system, but to deviations in the arterial blood pressure and to the physical burden, preceeding the investigation